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Book 4 xirL 



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TLIN 



RENCH REV01 ION 



AUTOGRAPHS 









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OUTLINES 



OF THE 



FRENCH REVOLUTION 



TOLD IN 



AUTOGRAPHS 



[SELECTED FROM A PRIVATE COLLECTION] 



EXHIBITED AT THE LENOX BRANCH OF THE 

New York Public Library 
March 20, 1905 



UtSfvARY of CONSRESS 

Two Copies iiactivcu 

18 1^05 

Ooy.yrifeat tiiiry 
PirtSS #/ Wta Nih 

/f2 3^9 

copy a. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

A. L. S. Autograph letter signed. 

A. D. S. Autograph document signed. 

L. S. Letter Signed. 

D. S. Document Signed. 

A. L. Autograph Letter. 

A. D. Autograph document. 

P. Portrait. 

I. Illustration. 



^jT^ORD BEACONSFIELD — groping for comparisons — declared that 
Hf there were only two events in history: The Siege of Troy and 
^^ the French Revolution. 

The present exhibition of autographs is an attempt to teach the 
outlines of history, and particularly of the French Revolution, by 
means of holographic illustration. The writing of a man, it is held, 
is the most perfect relic he leaves behind him. Something physical, 
as well as intellectual and moral, belonging to his personality, has 
gone into the material substance carrying his writing. 

A limited space makes the selection of characters a difficult matter. 
All students are not likely to agree in regard to the eminence and 
importance of some individuals who had part in the great event here 
illustrated. And so, likewise, all will not recognize the great con- 
tributory causes or discover the same harvest from the Revolutionary 
seed. The relative importance of men and actions has depended in 
this instance on the judgment of the exhibitor, but it is believed that 
the principal actors in the Revolutionary drama will be found represented. 

To find the seeds of the French Revolution, some go back to the time 
of the Jansenists and the religious controversies. We have preferred 
to begin with those characters, living nearer the event, whose intel- 
lectual processes taught the people of France to think for themselves, 
and thus we find the subject arranging itself somewhat in the follow- 
ing order: 

I. The Philosophical writers, like Montesquieu, Voltaire and 

Rousseau. 
II. The Economic writers, like Quesnay and Mably. 
III. The Encyclopedists, like Diderot, and d'Alembert. 
IIII. The Financiers, like Turgot, who first of all French states- 
men thought to reason with the people,- and Calonne, of 
whom Madame de Stael said He did more than any other 
man to create the French Revolution. 
V. The Statesmen, like Choiseul and Maurepas. 
VI. The Poets, like Beaumarchais, who ridiculed the Court, 
and Le Brun, who incited the people to vandalism. 
VII. The Editors, and those who moved the mighty lever of the 
press, like Momoro, the " first printer of Liberty," and 
Prudhomme, whose weekly illustrated paper had a circu- 
lation of 200,000. 
VIII. The Court at Versailles at the opening of the Revolutioa 
Villi. The Queen at the Little Trianon. 
X. The affair of the Necklace. 



XI. 



XII. 

XIII. 

XIIII. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XVIIII. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIIII. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXVIIII. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIIII. 

XXXV. 

XXXVI. 

XXXVII. 

XXXVIII. 

XXXVIIII. 

xxxx. 

XXXXI. 

XXXXII. 

XXXXIII. 



XXXXIIII. 

xxxxv. 

XXXXVI. 
XXXXVII. 
XXXXVIII. 
XXXXVIIII. 



Les Etats Generaux, or Assembly of the States General. 

A. The Clergy. 

B. The Nobility. 

C. The Third Estate. 

The oath in the Salle du Jeu de Paume. 

The bust of Necker and the Cocarde (July 12, 1789). 

The Bastille. 

The march of the Women from Paris to Versailles. 

The Federation of the Champs de Mars. 

Favras Conspiracy. 

The Flight to Varennes. 

La Louisette, or the Guillotine. 

The Marseillaise. 

The Attack on the Tuileries. 

The Fate of the King. 

The Shadow of the King. 

The Assignats. 

The Royal Family in the Temple. 

The Revolutionary Tribunal. 

The Dumouriez Conspiracy. 

Marat, the " Friend of the People." 

The Republican Calendar. 

The Fate of the Queen. 

" Posterity Judges Men." 

The Girondins. 

The Herbertists. 

The Dantonists. 

The Frontier. 

The Vendee. 

The Vengeur. 

The Roll-call of the Condemned. 

The Festival of the Supreme Being. 

The Triumvirate. 

The 9th Thermidor. 

The Last of the Mountain. 

The Corps Legislatif. 

A. Council of Five Hundred. 

B. Council of Ancients. 

C. Directory. 
The Cry for Bread. 

The Massacre at Rastadt. 
The Coup d'Etat. 
The Consulate. 
Bonaparte Consul for Life. 
The Emperor of the French. 



nommes : la rosienie les juge. 

Duport-Dutertre, guillotined Nov. 28, 1793. 



1. MONTESQUIEU (Charles Secondat de) Baron de la Brede. 

Philosopher and author of Lettres Perscmnes and Esprit des 
Lois. Voltaire declared, Mankind had lost their rights and 
Montesquieu found them again. 

A. L. S., Bordeaux, March 19, 1740. 

P. 

2. VOLTAIRE (Frangois-Marie Arouet de). 

Philosopher, whose Lettres sur les Anglais taught the French 
people to understand liberty. Under date April 2, 1764, he 
predicted, in so many words, the coming of the Revolution. 

A. L. S., Dec. 27, 1742. 

P. I. 

3. AROUET (Francois). 

Father of Voltaire, and unfriendly to his literary studies. 
Voltaire assumed, in 1718, the name of Voltaire from a sort of 
anagram of Arouet 1. j. (Le Jeune). 

D. S., Paris, Dec. 4, 1705. 

4. VILLETTE (Charles-Michel) Marquis de. 

Married the adopted daughter of Voltaire, called la Belle et 
Bonne. It was in his house (at present 27 Quai Voltaire, Paris) 
that the heart of Voltaire was preserved and where the procession 
halted July 11, 1791, on its way to the Pantheon. The house 
bore the inscription: His mind is everywhere; his Jieart is here. 

A. L. S., Paris, April 28, 1784, concerning the mechanics brought 
to Ferney by Voltaire. 

I. 

5. LANCLOS (Ninon de), sometimes written L'Enclos. 

Famous woman whose charms attracted three generations. She 
bequeathed 2,000 livres to Voltaire with which to buy books. 
A. L. S. 
P. 

6. CHATELET (Gabriele-Emilie de Breteuil) Marquise du. 

Brilliant woman of science and intimate friend of Voltaire. 
Translated Newton into French. Voltaire lived many years in 
her house in Paris and in her chateau in Civey. When she 
died in 1740 he exclaimed: I have lost half of my life." 

A. L. S., speaks of Voltaire. 

P. 

7. DENIS (Rosalie-Louise-Mignot). 

Writer and niece of Voltaire, with whom he spent his last days. 
A. L. S., Paris, July 16. 

8. ROUSSEAU (Jean- Jacques). 

Philosopher, whose L'inegalite parmi les Hommes taught men 
their rights. The opening phrase in the second part of this 
essay, more than any other expression of the human intellect, 
induced the Revolution. 

A. L. S., L'Hermitage, Sept. 25, 1756. 

P. I. 



6 

9. EPINAY (Louise-Florence Petronelle Tardieu d'Esclavelles) 
Madame d\ 

The patroness of Rousseau, to whom she loaned her country 
house, the Hermitage. 

A. L. S., to Catherine II of Russia. 

P. I. 

10. HOUDETOT (Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde) Comtesse d'. 

Sister-in-law of Madame d'Epinay and intimate friend of Rous- 
seau. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 28, 1807. 
P. I. 

11. BUFFON" (George-Louis Le Clerc) Comte de. 

Famous naturalist whose theories and writings changed the 
method of thought of the French people and prepared the French 
mind to receive the work of the philosophers and economists. 

L. S., Jan. 1, 1780. Montbard. 

P. 

12. QUESNAY (Francois). 

Chief of the Economistes: physician to Madame de Pompadour: 
called the Confucius of Europe. His articles in the Encyclopedie 
on Fermiers and Grains contributed largely to Revolutionary 
ideas. He attributed the poverty of the agriculturists to feudal 
oppression, driving persons from the fields to the town. 

A. L. S., written from the Palace of Versailles, where he had 
apartments directly under those of Madame Pompadour. 

P. 

13. MABLY (Gabriel-Bonnot). 

The first great preacher in France of Communism, who taught 
that the individual ownership of land was the source of misery 
and that reform must come through a Revolution. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 8, 1783. 

P. 

14. DIDEROT (Denis). 

Chief editor of the Encyclopedie, a work which did so much 
to spread Republican ideas. 

A. L., to J. B. A. Suard, Secretaire de l'Academie Franchise. 
P. 

15. ALEMBERT (Jean-Le Rond d'). 

One of the editors of the Encyclopedie. 

A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 19, 1744. 

P. 

16. LESPINASSE ( Julie- Jean-Elenore de). 

Friend of d'Alembert. 
A. D. 

17. HOLBACH (Paul-Thyry) Baron d'. 

Author: contributed to the Encyclopedie on scientific, economic 
and philosophical subjects. 
A. L. S. 

IS. HELVETIUS ( Claude- Adrian ) . 

Philosopher and one of the Encyclopedistes. 

A. L. S., Vove, July 9, 1762. 

P. 

19. GRIMM (Frederic-Melchoir). 

Important contributor to the Encyclopedie. 

A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 5, 1779. 

P. 



20. RAYNAL (Guillaume-Thomas-Franeois). 

Writer of Histoire Philosphique, which placed him in the 
ranks of Voltaire and Rousseau. 
A. L. S., St. Ouen, Oct. 6. 
P. 

21. LA BARPE (Jean-Francois de). 

Distinguished writer and early supporter of Republican ideas. 
A. L. S., Relative to a literary subscription by Paul I. 
P. 

22. TERRAY (Joseph-Marie) l'Abbe. 

Comptroller of Finances under Louis XV. Created corn 
monopoly. 
A. L. S. 
P. 

23. TURGOT ( Anne-Robert- Jacques ) Baron de PAulne. 

Financier under Louis XVI, who first explained to the French 
people their system of taxation. 
A. L. S. 
P. 

24. MAUREPAS (Jean-Frederic Phelippeaux). 

Minister under Louis XVI. His contest with Turgot greatly 
weakened the Monarchy. 
A. L. S., Oct. 7, 1773. 
P. 

25. CALONNE (Charles-Alexandre de). 

Financier under Louis XVI. Built octrois around Paris, ad- 
vised the King to call Assembly of Notables in 1787, thus opening 
the way for the Etats Generaux and the Revolution. 

A. L. S., to Monseignard relative to the Assembly, March 5, 1787. 

P. 

26. LOMENIE DE BRIENNE ( Etienne-Charles de). 

Successor to Calonne. Caused dismissal of the Notables. 

A. L. S., Brienne, Oct. 14, 1771. 

P. 

27. NECKER (Jacques). 

Successor to Lomenie de Brienne. Caused the Etats Generaux 
to be summoned and gave to the Third Estate the same represen- 
tation enjoyed by the Clergy and Nobility combined. 

A. L. S., to Gouverneur Morris, Feb. 4, 1801. 

P. 

28. NECKER ( Suzanne-Cur chod) Madame. 

Whose salon was of great assistance to her husband and whose 
philanthropy founded a hospital. 
A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 25, 1788. 
P. 

29. STAEL-HOLSTEIN (Anna-Louisa Germaine) Baronne de. 

Daughter of Necker: an early supporter of the Revolution. 
A. L. S., Coppet, May 28, 1809. 

30. CHOISEUL (Etienne-Francois) Due de. 

Minister of State whose management hastened the fall of the 
Monarchy. 

A. L. S., April 16, 1755. 
P. 

31. VERGENNES (Charles-Gravier) Comte de. 

Minister under Louis XVI. 

A. L. S., Versailles, Nov. 17, 1774. 

P. 



32. BEAUMARCHAIS ( Pierre-Augustin Car on de). 

Dramatic poet, whose Marriage de Figaro ridiculed the French 
nobility. 

A. L. S., to the Comite de Surveillance, from the prison of the 
Abbaye, Aug. 28, 1792. 

P. 
S3. LE BRUN" (Ponce-Denis Echouard). 

Lyric poet of the Revolution, but, in 1793, wrote on the horrors 
of anarchy; called the French Pindar; advised in an ode the 
destruction of the Royal tombs at St. Denis. 

A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1767. 

P. 

34. FONTANES (Louis) Comte de. 

Edited Amis de la Constitution Monarchique. 

A. L. S., to Citizen Trevilliers. 

P. 

35. PANCKOUCKE ( Charles- Joseph ) . 

Famous publisher of Le Moniteur Universel. Its original title 
was Gazette Nationale, ou Le Moniteur Universel. Panckoucke 
owned also the Mercure and the Gazette de France. 

A. L. S., April 10, 1768. 

P. 

36. PRUDHOMME ( Louis -Mar ie ) . 

Publisher of Revolution de Pans, a weekly contemporaneous 
journal, illustrated. The first number appeared directly after 
the events of July 14, 1789, and the last number Feb. 24, 1794. 
Several of these illustrations will be found in this exhibit. 

A. L. S., June 14, 1828. 

P. I. 

37. MOMORO (Antoine-Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. Printer and engraver; 
called himself The First Printer of Liberty, and devised the 
motto, Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, placing it upon public 
buildings. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

38. GORSAS (Antoine- Joseph). 

Editor of the Courier de Versailles, founded on the assembling 
of the Etats G6n6raux, expressing hostility to the Court. 
A. D. S., satirical verses. 
P. 

39. DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoist) . 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Edited Revolutions de 
France et de Brabant. The present piece is his editorial on 
Rousseau, showing the philosopher's influence on the men who 
were immediately shaping the Revolution. 

A. D. 

40. MERCIER (Louis-Sebastien). 

Conventionnel ; Girondin; author of Tableau de Paris, who 
called himself the Prophet of the French Revolution. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1787, relatives to his Tableau de Paris. 
P. I. 

41. BEFFROY DE REIGNS (Louis-Abel). 

Called Le Cousin Jacques from articles so signed in the paper 
he edited. 

A. D. S., Paris, March 2, 1785. 



9 

42. HEBERT ( Jacques-Ren6). 

Guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. Edited Pere Duchesne; 
chief of the party of Hebertistes; procureur of the Commune 
of Paris. 

L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793, to Chaumette. 

P. I. 

43. FRERON (Louis-Stanislas). 

Edited Orateur de Peuple. 
A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 2, 1781. 

44. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jacques-Pierre). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Edited Patriot Francois. 
In 1787, with Claviere and Mirabeau, founded the Societe des 
Amis des Noirs. 

A. D., address on Finances of France, Oct. 11, 1787. 

I. 

45. HUGUET (Marc-Antoine). 

Executed at Paris, Oct. 9, 1796. Edited Journal des Debats et 
Decrets. 

D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. 
See No. 429. 

46. MALLET DU PAN (Jacques). 

Edited the Mercure de France and afterwards, in England, the 
Hercure Britannique. 

A. L. S., Aug. 4, to M. d'Eschery. 

47. LOUVET DE COUVRAI (Jean-Baptiste). 

Conventionnel ; Girondin. Author of Aventures du Chevalier de 
Faublas; editor of La Sentinelle. 
A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1797. 
P. 

48. ROBERT ( Louise-Felicite Guinement de Keralio) Madame. 

Edited, with Carra, Le Mercure National; regarded by some 
as having first suggested a Republic for France. 
A. L. S., Paris, May 21, 1790. 

49. CHAMPCENETZ (Louis) Marquis de. 

Guillotined at Paris, July 23, 1794. Edited Actes des Apotres, 
Royalist journal. Celebrated duellist and maker of epigrams; the 
Frangois Villon of the Revolution. 

A. L. S., Nov. 23, 1783. 

50. PELTIER (Jean-Gabriel). 

Journalist of the Royal party and editor of the Actes des 
Apotres. 

A. L. S., London, March 19, 1815. 
P. 

51. ROYOU (Jacques-Coventin). 

One of the chief journalists of the Royal party, and founder 
of L 'Ami du Roi, the first number of which appeared on June 1, 
1790. 

A. L. S., Paris, Feb. 26, 1825, reciting the events of his 
political life. 

52. YOUNG (Arthur). 

English agriculturist, who described the conditions of France 
and the coming of the Revolution. 
A. L. S., Bradfield Hall. 
P. 



10 

53. LOUIS XVI (Lcmis-Auguste) King of France. 

Guillotined at Paris, Jan. 21, 1793, at the Place de la Revo- 
lution. Married Marie Antoinette of Austria. Succeeded his 
grandfather, Louis XV, May 10, 1774. 

A. L. S.j Versailles, to Malesherbes. 

P. I. 

54. LOUIS XVI. 

Royal order to pay 3,000 livres to his old nurse, Demoiselle 
Mallard. 

D. S., Paris, Feb. 3, 1792. Signed also by Arnaud de la 
Porte, Intendent of the Civil List. 

55. MALLARD (Demoiselle). 

The nurse of Louis XVI when an infant. 
A. L. S., July 6, 1786. 

56. BUACHE (Jean-Nicolas de la Neuville). 

Taught Louis geography, his favorite study. When in the 
Temple, Louis taught the Dauphin geography. 
A. L. S., to M. Bory, May 10, 1801. 

57. ZEPPE (Jean-Pierre-Marie). 

The carpenter of Louis XVI, whom he employed to teach the 
Dauphin. 

L. S., St. Cloud, June 28, 1808, in which he solicits the title 
of Carpenter to the Emperor. 

58. MARIE ANTOINETTE ( Josephee- Jeanne de Lorraine). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 16, 1793. Queen of France. Married 
the Dauphin May 16, 1770; became Queen May 10, 1774; injured 
in reputation by the affair of the diamond necklace in 1785. 
Imprisoned in the Conciergerie Aug. 2, 1793. 

A. L. 

P. I. 

59. ADELAIDE (Marie) de France. 

Daughter of Louis XV, aunt of Louis XVI; nicknamed by her 
father, Loque (rag). 

A. L. S., Versailles, March 15, 1781. 
P. 

60. VICTOIRE ( Louise-Mar ie-Therese) de France. 

Daughter of Louis XV, aunt of Louis XVI; called familiarly 
by her father, Coche ( pig ) . 
A. L. S. 
P. 

61. LOUIS (Stanislas-Xavier) Comte de Province. 

Brother of Louis XVI; fled from Paris June, 1791; returned 
to France April 24, 1814; fled to Belgium March 23, 1815; 
returned June 24, 1815, as Louis XVIII. 

A. L. S., Feb. 12, 1810. 

P. 

62. MARIE (Josephine-Louise) de Savoie. 

Wife of Louis XVIII. 
A. L. S., Nov. 12, 1790. 
P. 

63. CHARLES X (Philippe, Comte d'Artois) of France. 

Brother of Louis XVI ; married Marie- Therese de Savoie ; fled 
from Paris July 17, 1789; succeeded Louis XVIII Sept. 16, 1824; 
abdicated Aug. 2, 1830. 

A. L. S., London, Oct. 4, 1803. 

P. 



11 

64. MARIE-THERESE BE SAVOIE. 

Wife of Charles X ( Comte d'Artois ) . 
D. S., Versailles, Feb. 27, 1774. 

65. ORLEANS (Louis-Philippe- Joseph) Egalite. 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 6, 1793. Great-grandson of the 
Regent, and father of King Louis Philippe. 
A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 31, 1793. 
P. 

66. ORLEANS (Louise-Marie-Adelaide de Bourbon Penthievre) Duch- 

esse d\ 

Wife of Egalite and mother of Louis Philippe. 
A. L. S., to Sir Sidney Smith, Dec. 23, 1812. 
P. 

67. POLIGNAC (Gabrielle-Yolande-Claude-Martine de Palastron) 

Duchesse de. 

Friend of Marie Antoinette and the head of, the Court faction. 

L. S., Versailles, Aug. 23, 1786. 

P. 

68. POLIGNAC (Jules) Due de. 

Husband of Madame de Polignac. 

A. L. S., Kittsie (Hungary), May 11, 1794. 

P. 

69. LAMBALLE (Marie-Therese-Louisede Savoie Carignan) Princesse de. 

Massacred by the mob at the prison of La Force, Sept. 3, 1792. 
Friend of Marie Antoinette. 

A. L. S., to the Comte de Longeron, Nov. 25, 1782. 
P. I. 

70. LAMBALLE (Louis-Alexandre-Stanislaus de Bourbon) Prince de. 

Son of the Due de Penthrievre and husband of Madame de 
Lamballe. 

A. L. S., Versailles, Dec. 18, 1763. 

71. NOAILLES (Philippe de) Due de Mouchy. 

Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. Husband of " Madame 
Etiquette." Defended the Tuileries June 20, 1792. 
A. L. S., May 20, 1784. 

72. NOAILLES, Madame. 

Guillotined July 22, 1794. Called "Madame Etiquette; " social 
arbiter of the Court. 
D. S. 

73. GUINES ( Adrien-Louis de Bonnieres) Due de. 

One of the Messieurs de Chambre (with de Coigny and Besen- 
val) to Marie Antoinette, and whose conduct did so much to 
injure the Queen's reputation. 

A. L. S., March 9, 1779. 

74. COIGNY (Marie-Francois-Henri de Franquetot) Due de. 

Friend of Marie Antoinette. Deputy to the Etats GeneYaux. 
Emigrated in 1792. See Guines. 

A. L. S., July S, 1788. 
P. 

75. BESENVAL (Pierre- Victor) Baron de. 

Soldier at the age of thirteen: aide de campe to Broglie; 
commanded troops around Paris in 1789 ; fled from his post. 
With his Swiss troops overcame the mob at Reveillon's, April 
28 1789 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1783. 

I. 



12 

76. LAUZUN (Armand-Louis de Gontaut de Biron) Due de. 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 31, 1793. Companion of Lafayette 
in America; claimed intimacy with Marie Antoinette; deputy to 
the Etats Generaux; commanded the Army of the North in 1792. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 19, 1790. 

77. CAMPAN (Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genet) Madame. 

Governess to the Royal children. 

A. L. S., June 5, 1805. 

P. 

78. GENLIS ( Stephanie-Felicite Ducrest) Comtesse. 

Wife of the Marquis Sillery, the Girondin; one of the women 
of the Court. Governess to the children of Philippe Egalite. 
A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1787. 

79. MARIE ANTOINETTE, LIBRARY OF. 

This piece, signed by Madame Genet Campon, Secretary to the 
Queen, acknowledges the receipt of books for Marie Antoinette's 
private library at Versailles. The Queen took her library with 
her to the Tuileries. 

80. MARIE ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. 

Principal victim of the affair of the diamond necklace. Mira- 
beau said: The affair of the diamond necklace has been the 
prelude of the Revolution. Goethe declared. The history of the 
necklace forms the preface of the Revolution. 

D. S., Versailles, July 15, 1785 — a few days before the 
discovery of the plot. 

P. I. 

81. BARRY ( Marie- Jeanne Gomart de Vaubernier) Comtesse du. 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 8, 1793. For whom Louis XV 
originally ordered the diamond necklace. 
A. L. S., Louveciennes, Sept. 18, 1780. 
P. 

82. DELAMOTTE-VALOIS (Marie-Antoine-Nicolas) Comte. 

Husband of Madame Delamotte, and one of the swindlers. 
April 10-12, 1785, sold a portion of the jewels in London. 
A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 22, 1825. 

83. DELAMOTTE-VALOIS (Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Val). 

Married Delamotte at Bar-sur-Aube. Feb. 1, 1785, received 
the necklace from the hands of de Rohan; escaped from Paris 
Aug. 6, 1785; arrested and imprisoned in Bastille Aug. 20, 1785; 
transferred to the Conciergerie (where the present letter was 
written) May 29, 1786; condemned to be seared with hot irons 
May 31, 1786. 

A. L. S., Conciergerie, June 3, 1786, asserting her innocence. 

P. I. 

84. ROHAN, GUMENEE, (Louis-Rene-Edward) Prince and Cardi- 

nal de. 

Next to the Queen, the chief dupe in the affair of the diamond 
necklace. 

A. L. S., Versailles, Aug. 13, 1783, concerning Cagliostro, then 
in Strasburg, whom he recommends. 

P. I. 

85. GEORGEL ( Jean-Frangois) Abbe. 

Friend of de Rohan, whose defense he prepared at the trial of 
the affair of the necklace. 
L. S., Vienna, July 28, 1773. 



13 

86. CAGLIOSTRO (Giuseppi Balsamo) Alexandre Comte de. 

The alleged principal in the necklace fraud. Imprisoned in 
the Bastille Aug. 23, 1785. He arrived in Paris Jan. 30, 1785, 
while de Rohan had already treated with the jewelers on Jan. 29. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 16, to Cardinal de Rohan, and relating 
to the affair. 

P. I. 

87. DREUX-BREZE ( Henri-Evrard ) Marquis de. 

Grand Master of Ceremonies at the opening of the Etats 
Generaux when they met in the Salle des Menus-Plaisirs at 
Versailles, May 5, 1789. It consisted of the Three orders: the 
Clergy, the Nobility, and the Commons, or Third Estate. 

L. S., Versailles, April 22, 1787, relative to the Assembly of 
the Notables. 

I. 

88. BARENTIN ( Charles -Louis-Francois de Paul) De. 

Keeper of the Seals, who opened the Etats Generaux at Ver- 
sailles May 5, 1789. 

A. L. S., Versailles, June 16, 1789, to the King, beseeching him 
to be neutral as regards the Third Estate. On the following 
day the National Assembly was constituted. 

I. 

89. JUIGNE (Antoine-Eleanor-Leon Le Clerc) de. 

Archbishop of Paris, deputy from the Clergy to the Etats 
Generaux. 

A. L. S., March 10, 1794. 
P. 

90. GOBEL (Jean-Baptiste-Josephe). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 12, 1794. Deputy from Clergy to 
Etats Generaux. Became the Constitutional Bishop of Paris 
March 15, 1791. Nov. 7, 1793, renounced his ecclesiastical func- 
tions and abjured the Church. 

A. L. S., Sept. 5, 1791. 

P. 

91. MESNARD (Clement). 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux. Joined the National 
Assembly June 24 1789. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 11, 1790. 
P. 

92. GOUTTES (Jean-Louis). 

Guillotined at Paris, March 27, 1794. Deputy from the Clergy 
to the Etats Generaux. He proposed abandonment of all the 
privileges of the order, thus being among the first of his order 
to adopt Revolutionary ideas. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 28, 1791. 

P. 

93. COULMIERS (Frangois-Simonet) Abbe de. 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux. On June 22, 1789, 
Coulmiers appeared with some other priests and united with 
the Third Estate. 

A. L. S., Paris, Feb. 1, 1781. 

P. 

94. MAURY (Jean-Siffrein). 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; defended the Mon- 
archy and opposed Mirabeau in the Assembly: mobbed bv the 
people April 13, 1790. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 1, 1785. 

P. I. 



14 

95. DILLON (Dominique). 

Deputy from the Clergy to Etats Generaux; joined the National 
Assembly, took the oath June 22, 1789, and signed his name. 
On June 24, after the majority of the Clergy had joined the 
Third Estate, which, after the oath in the Jeu de Paume, called 
itself the National Assembly — a term first suggested by one of 
the Clergy, Cure Marolles, and adopted by Mirabeau — Dillon 
was suggested to act as one of the Secretaries. 

See No. 395. 

D. S. 

96. LINDET (Robert-Thomas). 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Gen6raux; became Bishop under 
the Constitution; regicide; member of Committee of Public 
Safety; President of Convention April 20, 1794. 

A. L. S., Evreux, July 22, 1793. 

97. THIBAULT ( Anne- Alexandre-Marie ) . 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; voted for imprison- 
ment of King, as against death. 

A. D., original manuscript of his speech before the Etats Gen- 
eraux on the state of France. 

98. JOUBERT ( Pierre-Mathieu ) . 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; took the civic oath 
March 8, 1791. 

A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 4, 1790. 

99. CLEREMONT-TONNERE ( Anne- Antoine- Jules) de. 

Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; with five of his order, 
protested against the Civil Constitution, and emigrated. Arch- 
bishop of Toulouse. 

A. L. S., Dec. 24, 1821. 

100. GREGOIRE (Baptiste-Henri) . 

Deputy from Clergy to iitats Generaux; with five of his order, 
June 14, 1789, joined the National Assembly; took the oath in 
the Jeu de Paume June 20, 1789; elected Secretary; voted for 
the abolition of Royalty, saying: L'histoire des rois est le martyr- 
ologe des nations. Declined by letter to vote for death of King; 
refused to abjure his religion. 

A. L. S., July 22, 1823. 

P. 

101. LA ROUCHEFOUCAULD LIANCOURT (Francois-Alexandre- 

Frederic ) . 

Grand Master of the King's Wardrobe. Deputy from the No- 
bility to Etats Generaux. On the night of July 12, 1789, after 
the affair in Tuileries garden, in reply to the King's query, " Is 
it a revolt?" he answered, "No, Sire; a Revolution." President 
of National Assembly; emigrated to England. 

A. L. S., Sept. 2, 1803. 

P. 

102. ANTRAIGUES (Emmanuel-Louis-Henry-de Launay) Comte d'. 

Assassinated at Barme, England, July 22, 1812. Deputy from 
Nobility to Etats Generaux; emigrated to Switzerland, then to 
Russia, where he embraced the Greek religion; killed in England 
by an Italian servant. 

A. L. S., London, June 16, 1809. 

103. EPREMESNIL ( Jean-Jacques-Duval) d'. 

Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Pioneer of liberty. In 
the Paris Parliament he insisted on the right to legislate inde- 
pendent of the Royal will. 

A. L. S., Sept. 18, 1784. 

P. I. 



15 

104. MIRABEAU (Andre-Boniface-Louis-Riquetti) Vicomte de. 

Younger brother of the great Mirabeau. Was with Lafayette 
in America; member of Order of Cincinnatua; deputy from No- 
bility to Etats Generaux; remained a Royalist; emigrated. He 
was called Mirabeau Tonnerre, paraphrased from Tonneau 
(barrel) because of his size and drinking abilties. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 28, 1785. 

105. NOAILLES ( Philippe-Louis-Marie-Antoine, Due de Mouchy, Prince 

de Poix) Comte de. 

Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. Husband of " Madame 
Etiquette; " deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux. 

A. D. S., Versailles, Oct. 30, 1778. 

106. NOAILLES (Louis-Marie) Vicomte de. 

Killed at Havana, Jan. 9, 1804. Deputy from Nobility to Etats 
Generaux; fired one of the first shots for liberty by proposing, on 
Aug. 4, 1789, that the seigneurial privileges should be destroyed, 
that taxes should be levied on all citizens alike, and that feudal 
rights should be purchased by the Communities at a reasonable 
rate. 

D. S. 

107. BROGLIE ( Charles-Louis- Victor ) Prince de. 

Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. With Lafayette in Ameri- 
can war; Deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux; after Aug. 10, 
1792, declined to recognize the decree dethroning the King. 

A. L. S., Broglie, Nov. 8, 1786. 

108. CHATELET-LOMONT D'HARAUCOURT ( Louis-Marie-Florent ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 13, 1793. Son of Voltaire's friend; 
Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; convicted of having 
conspired against the patriots of the Somme. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 27, 1782. 

109. BEAUCHAMPS (Charles-Gregoire) Marquis de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; emigrated with 
the Due d'Angouleme. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 20, 1798. 

110. WIMPFEN (Louis-Felix) Baron de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; served in the 
Republican armies; in 1793 he supported the Girondins and 
threatened the Jacobins with marching on Paris. 

A. L. S., Bayeux, Aug. 4, 1809. 

P. 

111. PAROY (Guy-Legentil) Marquis de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Gengraux. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 14, 1782. 

P. 

112. VAUDREUIL (Louis-Philippe, de Rigaud) Marquis de. 

Distinguished sailor. On July 17, 1789, when the Comte 
d'Artois prepared to escape, Vaudreuil borrowed thirty louis for 
his flight. 

A. L. S., Paris, July 23, 1781. 

113. LALLY-TOLLENDAL ( Trophime-Gerard ) Marquis de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux. On Aug. 4, 1789, 
he declared that as Louis XII had been known as the " Father of 
his people," so Louis XVI should be called the " Restorer of 
French Liberty." 

A. L. S., Paris, May 5, 1820. 

P. 



16 

114. LAFAYETTE ( Marie- Joseph-Paul-Roeh-Yves-Gilbert Du Motier) 

Marquis de. 

Served under Washington in America; deputy from the No- 
bility to Etats Generaux; July 11, 1789, read in the Assembly 
the Bights of Man; became commander of Paris forces after the 
fall of the Bastille; resented the abolishment of monarchy; cap- 
tured by the Austrians; imprisoned until Sept. 19, 1798. 

A. L. S., Le Grange, June 11, 1816. 

P. 

115. LAMETH (Alexandre-Theodore- Victor) Baron de. 

Fought in American war under Rochambeau; deputy from 
Nobility to Etats Generaux; President of the National Assembly 
Nov. 20, 1790. 

A. L. S., Glatz — where he was imprisoned — Oct. 9, 1794. 

P. 

116. LAMETH (Charles-Malo-Frangois) Comte de. 

Fought in American war; wounded at Yorktown; Deputy from 
the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; when the King fled, June 
20, 1791, he moved that the Assembly renew its oath of fidelity 
to the nation; opposed the dethronement of the King; elected 
President of the Assembly July 5, 1791. 

See No. 395. 

D. S. 

117. CASTRIES (Armand-Charles-Augustin La Croix) Due de. 

Fought gallantly in American war. Deputy from the Nobility 
to Etats Generaux; representing the Royal party, he engaged in 
a duel with Charles Lameth; emigrated. 

A. L. S., Lausanne, April 23. 

I. 

118. BEAUHARNAIS (Alexandre-Frangois-Marie) Viscomte de. 

Guillotined at Paris, July 23, 1794. Deputy from the Nobility 
to Etats Generaux; husband of Josephine La Pagerie; voted for 
suppression of privileges; elected President; announced to the 
Assembly, July 21, 1791, the King's flight; suspected of contrib- 
uting to the capitulation of Mayence; condemned without trial; 
executed July 23, 1794, with forty-five others. 

A. L. S., Dec. 7, 1791. 

P. 

119. MONTLOSIER (Frangois-Dominique de Reynaud) Comte de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; a strong 
supporter of Royalty. 

A. L. S., Cleremont, Feb. 21, 1831. 
P. 

120. FRETEAU DE SAINT JUST (Emmanuel-Marie-Michel-Philippe). 

Guillotined at Paris, May 15, 1794. Deputy from the Nobility 
to Etats Generaux; member of the Constitutional Committee; 
twice President of the National Assembly; attacked the doctrines 
of the Revolutionary Club of Melun; was sent to Paris, tried and 
condemned. 

D. S., Oct. 12, 1789, as President of the National Assembly, 
also by the Secretaries, Mirabeau and Faydel. 

P. 

121. MASCON (Jean-Baptiste) Comte de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Gen6raux; voted against 
the reunion of the Three Orders; emigrated in 1790. 
A. L. S., Paris, June 8, 1790. 
P. 



17 

122. BUTTAFOCO (Mathieu) Comte de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; voted with 
the Right; emigrated to England. The youthful Bonaparte com- 
posed his first published work in a letter to him. 

A. D. S. 

123. CAZALES ( Jacques- Antoine-Marie) de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; devoted 
advocate of the ancient regime and leader of the Monarchical 
party; the rival of Mirabeau as an orator; fought a duel with 
Barnave in the Bois de Boulogne; emigrated to Brussels. 

D. S. 

124. BAILLY ( Jean-Sylvain) . 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 12, 1793. Scientist; member of the 
French Academy; deputy from the Third Estate, or Commons, 
to Etats Generaux; June 3, 1789, was elected Doyen or presiding 
officer, and, on June 17, was continued as President of the National 
Assembly; presided at the taking of the oath in the Salle du 
Jeu de Paunie, June 20, 1789; elected Mayor of Paris. When, on 
July 17, 1791, in the Champs de Mars, the people were petition- 
ing for the dethroning of the King, Bailly read the Riot Act, and 
Lafayette fired on them; resigned; tried and condemned. 
A. L. S., Chaillot, Aug. 6, 1779. 

P. I. 

125. CAMUS (Armand-Gaston). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; first Secretary to 
his order and to National Assembly; President; member of 
Convention; on his report, all titles of birth and distinction 
were suppressed; regicide; member of the Committee of General 
Defense; delivered by Dumouriez to the Austrians; exchanged for 
the Duchesse d'Angouleme Dec. 25, 1795; member of Council of 
500; keeper of the archives. 

A. L. S., Oct. 18, 1800. 

P. 

126. BERGASSE (Nicolas). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux. Owing to his 
connection with the Beaumarchais-Kornmann law case, he wa9 
at the time the most famous advocate in France. This case had 
a vital influence, through revealing social corruption, in producing 
the Revolution. 

A. L. S., Montereau, June 29, 1810. 

P. 

127. SIEYES (Emmanuel- Joseph) Abbe. 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; was author of 
Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat? Called the first speculative genius 
of his time; devised form of National Assembly; drew up the 
oath of the Jeu de Paume; elected President of National Assem- 
bly; member of Convention; regicide; member of the Council of 
500; declined to be one of the Directory of Five; elected to 
Consulate, with Bonaparte and Ducos. 

D. S., March 29, 1795. 

See No. 498. 

P. 

128. BOUCHOTTE (Paul-Pierre- Alexandre). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; was active in the 
opening scenes of the Assembly. 
D. S. 



18 

129. LE CHAPELIER (Isaac-Rene-Guy). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Deputy from Third 
Estate to Etats Generaux; one of the founders of the Breton 
Club, the first form of the Jacobin; presided over famous session 
of the National Assembly, Aug. 4, and, on Aug. 13, handed to the 
King the decrees then voted. 

A. L. S., Rennes, March 18. 

P. 

130. BARNAVE (Antoine- Joseph-Marie-Pierre). 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 18, 1793. Deputy from Third Estate 
to Etats GenSraux; one of the most bitter opponents of the 
Court; opposed Mirabeau when the latter favored the Monarchy; 
became a leader of the Jacobin Club, then called Amis de la 
Constitution; fought a duel with Cazales. 

D. S., as President of that Club, being the certificate of admis- 
sion of Barras. 

P. I. 

131. POPULUS (Marc-Etienne) Comte. 

Guillotined at Lyons, Feb. 14, 1794. Deputy from Third Estate 
to the Etats GeneYaux; commissioner for making assignats. 
See No. 130. 
D. S. 

132. D ABBA YE (Louis-Jacques). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux. 
A. L. S., Melle, Dec. 24, 1792. 

133. MIRABEAU (Honore-Gabriel-Riquetti) Comte de. 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etata Generaux, in which he was 
the foremost figure. Made his famous reply to de Breze, Master 
of Ceremonies, who, in the King's name, ordered the Assembly 
to disperse, June 23, 1789: "Go tell the King we are assembled 
in the name of the people, and are to be dispersed only by bayo- 
nets." Chairman of the committee reporting the Constitution; 
endeavored to save the monarchy. 

A. L. S., Aug. 31, 1781. 

P. I. 

134. MALOUET ( Pier re- Victor ) . 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux and a consistent 
Royalist; opposed the notion to constitute a National Assembly; 
proposed to the King's ministers that the Assembly be moved 
to Tours; founded the Club of Impartials; carried a motion for 
the prosecution of editors and publishers for lese-nation ; emi- 
grated to England. 

A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 8, 1788. 

P. I. 

135. GUILLOTIN ( Joseph-Ignace). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; on June 20, 1789, 
he proposed the Salle du Jeu de Paume for the National Assem- 
bly; proposed that the death penalty should be by decapitation; 
the idea was perfected by Dr. Louis and first used on the Place 
de Greve, April 22, 1792, and the machine was first called La 
Louisette, afterward La Guillotine ; became a suspect, and was 
in prison when Robespierre fell. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 28, 1808. 

P. I. 

136. MOUNIER (Jean- Joseph ) . 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux ; on June 20, 
1789, in the Salle du Jeu de Paume, he moved that all the mem- 
bers should take a solemn oath of federation; emigrated in 1790. 

A. L. S., to Madame de Gerando. 



19 

137. MARTIN-DAUCH (Joseph). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; when, in the 
Salle du Jeu de Paume, the vote was taken on Mounier's motion, 
he alone declared against it, and finally put his name to the 
subscribed oath, writing after his signature the word opposant. 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 

138. GOUPILLEAU (Jean-Francois-Marie). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; on June 20, 
1789, being ill he was carried on a cot into the Salle du Jeu de 
Paume to take the oath. 

See No. 297. 

D. S. 

139. RABOUT-SAINT-ETIENNE (Jean-Paul). 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 5, 1793. Protestant minister; Dep- 
uty from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; elected Secretary 
National Assembly; President; aided in editing Le Momteur; 
supported the Girondins; voted for the confinement of the King 
instead of death; accused and arrested, he escaped and remained 
concealed with his brother, in the house of Payzac; his place of 
hiding said to have been betrayed by a friend, Fabre d'Eglantine. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

140. TRONCHET (Frangois-Denis). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; one of the 
Committee of Five to draw up the Constitution. In May, 1793, 
he retired until after the fall of Robespierre. 

A. L. S., Paris, July 5, 1797. 

P. 

141. THOURET (Jacques-Guillaume). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Deputy from the Third 
Estate to Etats Generaux; at the session of Sept. 14, 1791, as 
President, he administered the oath of the new Constitution to 
the King, and declared the Constituent, or National Assembly, 
closed; denounced by Couthon for engaging in a Dantonist plot, 
he was tried and condemned with Malesherbes and d'Epremesnil. 

A. L. S., Jan. 21, 1791. 

P. I. 

142. DUPONT DE NEMOURS (Pierre-Samuel). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux ; defended 
the King with a gun on Aug. 10, 1792; obliged to conceal himself 
until the 9 Thermidor; President of Council of Ancients; hostile 
to the Directory; fled to the United States. 

A. L. S., Dec. 10, 1805. 

P. 

143. TREILHARD ( Jean-Baptiste). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; advocated 
transporting the remains of Voltaire from the Abbaye of Scellieres 
to the parish church of Romilly, recalling the fact that Voltaire 
had, in 1764, predicted the Revolution. 

A. L. S., Feb. 7, 1805. 

P. I. 

144. REVEILLON (Jean-Baptiste). 

Contractor for the Royal manufactory of paper hangings', whose 
establishment in the Rue Montreuil au Faubourg Saint Antoine 
was sacked by the mob April 28, 1789, because Reveillon was 
alleged to have declared fifteen sous a day sufficient for a 



20 

workman's pay. He entered the Bastille voluntarily — its last 
prisoner; discharged May 28, 1789. 

L. S., Paris, Sept. 3, 1784. 

P. I. 

145. NECKER (Jacques). 

Minister of Finances under Louis XVI. It was his abrupt dis- 
missal — attributed by the people to the influence of Marie 
Antoinette — on Saturday, July 11, 1789, toward five o'clock in 
the evening, that was the immediate cause of the Revolution, 
and which created the memorable scenes in the Place Louis XV 
and the Tuileries Gardens the following day. 

A. L. S., Dec. 12, 1776. 

P. 

146. LAMBESC ( Charles -Eugene-de Lorraine) Prince de. 

Commanded the regiment of German cavalry charged, July 12, 
1789, with preserving the statue of Louis XV, on the Place Louis 
XV, which the mob threatened to overthrow. A procession, bear- 
ing the busts of Necker and Philippe D'Orleans, there came in 
contact with the troops in the Tuileries Gardens; some were in- 
jured, the first blood of the Revolution flowing on this occasion. 
The Prince's responsibility for this has never been proved. The 
Revolution is generally dated from the events of two days later. 

A. L. S., May 18, 1789. 

I. 

147. DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoist). 

On Sunday, July 12, 1789, in the Palais Royal, Desmoulins 
harangued the multitude, and proposed, in order that patriots 
might recognize each other, a badge, or outward sign should be 
adopted. It was agreed to wear green, the color of hope, and 
the crowd stripped the leaves from the neighboring trees, fash- 
ioning the first cockades of the Revolution. He then cried " Aux 
Armes! " and the crowd, taking the busts of Necker and Orleans 
from the Museum of Curtius, carried them through the boule- 
vardes to the Place Vendome, where the riot began, and thence 
to the Place Louis XV, where it continued. 

A. L. S., Jan. 15, 1793. 

148. COCARDE NATIONALE. 

Veritable specimen in use during the Revolution. The first 
attempt to provide the Revolutionary patriots with a badge of 
common identity was by Camille Desmoulins. On July 13, 1789. 
when the bourgeoisie of Petit- Saint- Antoine organized themselves, 
the Cocarde Verte was the rallying sign. Between then and Oct. 
1 of the same year the tri-colored badge was adopted, for, at the 
famous banquet of the Body Guards, the Cocarde Nationale was 
removed and the white, or Cocarde Blanche, the King's color, was 
substituted. 

149. COCARDE NATIONALE. 

The King decrees, May 29, 1790, to the Convention that all 
others than the Cocarde Nationale shall be forbidden throughout 
the realm. Cocardes soon became general, and on July 30, 1792, 
the Assembly decreed that the Cocarde could be of any material, 
provided it showed the three colors. 

The present document is the original order, dated Aug. 1, 1792, 
signed by the President, Laffon-Ladebat, and the Secretaries, 
Tronchon and Blanchard. 

150. BASTILLE. 

Contemporaneous map of the Chateau, published in La Bastille 
Devoille, printed in 1789. The first stone is said to have been 
laid April 22, 1370, under Charles V. It became a prison of 



21 

State under Louis XI. On the day of July 14, 1789, the crowd 
advanced, by the Rue Saint Antoine, past [see map] 6 into U, and 
the cannons were placed by V opposite D. The French guards and 
the citizens, commanded by Elie and Hulin, entered by Q and 
found Swiss guards and the Governor in S, where they surren- 
dered. The guns of the Bastille had fired from the towers D 
and H. 

151. BASTILLE, Lettre de Cachet. 

Order of Louis XIV (by the hand of his Secretary) for the 
imprisonment " in my chateau of the Bastille," and examination 
of l'Abbe Jean Baptiste Patouillet, probably concerned in the 
poisoning affairs of La Voisin. The Lettre has the usual form, 
" I pray God that He may hold thee in His holy keeping." 

Dated Dee. 22, 1668. Signed by Michel Le Tellier, the Secre- 
tary of State. 

152. BASTILLE., Lettre d'Elargissement. 

Order releasing the same prisoner from the Bastille. 

D. S., Lionne, Paris, April 2, 1669. 
— . 153. LES PIQUES. 

Veritable specimens employed during the Revolution by the 
people and by the National Guard, and so often used to carry 
heads on the occasion of massacres. 

154. LATUDE (Henri Masers) de. 

One of the most famous prisoners of the Bastille. Ambitious 
of preferment, he sought it fraudulently at the hands of Madame 
Pompadour. Sending her anonymously a box of face-powder, he 
followed it to Versailles with a story of overhearing a plot to 
poison her with a deadly face-powder. She, however, compared 
the writing on the packet with his, and detected his hand. For 
this he was imprisoned at Vincennes and the Bastille for various 
periods covering thirty-five years, from both of which prisons he 
escaped. 

A. L. S., Bastille, July 3, 1758, to Louis XV. 

P. I. 

155. POMPADOUR ( Jeanne-Antoinette-Poisson) Marquise de. 

Famous woman who exercised great influence over Louis XV, 
and by her conduct contributed to the decay of the monarchy. 

A. L. S. 

P. 
jS 156. FAC SIMILE of the famous box of face-powder sent to Madame 
Pompadour by Latude, and showing his handwriting. 

157. LE GROS (Gellain) Madame. 

The liberator of Latude. Finding a piece of paper written by 
him appealing for help, although poor herself, she succeeded in 
enlisting the sympathies of many, and obtained his freedom. 
For this the French Academy conferred on her the Monthyon 
prize for the most virtuous action done in the year 1784. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 25, 1791. To the Patriot Pallov. 

P. 

158. SALLE (Adrien-Nicholas) Marquis De La. 

Soldier; second only to Lafayette in command of the Paris Guard. 
On July 14, 1789, he did all that was possible to save the life of 
De Launey, but failed. 

A. L. S., Oct. 28, 1768, relating to Louis XV receiving the 
King of Denmark. 

159. LAUNEY ( Bernard-Rene- Jourdan) Marquis de. 

Massacred at Paris, July 14, 1789. Governor of the Bastille 



22 

from 1776 to its fall. On that day he defended the Chateau de 
la Bastille with eighty-eight soldiers of the Invalides and thirty- 
four of the Swiss company of Salis-Samade. At eight o'clock 
in the morning, cannon, by his own orders, were pointed toward 
the Rue Saint-Antoine; about one o'clock in the afternoon he 
fired on the crowd in the Rue Saint-Antoine and in the Cour de 
l'Orme (see map, 3) ; surrendered to Elie and Hulin at 4:15 p. m. 
Directly after, escorted by Hulin, who had pledged his honor to 
save him and who held him by the arm, the crowd fell upon 
him, and in the Place de la Greve, almost at the steps of the 
Hotel de Ville, he was killed and his head cut off and carried on 
a pike. 

A. L. S., Bastille, March 9, 1786. 

P. I. 

160. THURIOT DE LA ROZIERE (Jacques-Alexis). 

One of the Electors of the city of Paris. On the morning of 
July 14, 1789, he was deputed to go to the Bastille and ask the 
Governor to remove the cannon from their threatening positions, 
and that the chateau might be guarded by National troops. De 
Launey agreed to withdraw the cannon and promised not to fire 
on the people unless attacked. Thuriot then showed himself from 
the bastian that the people might know he was safe. 

D. S., Paris, Oct. 7, 1789. 

I. 

161. HULIN (Pierre-Augustin). 

Soldier and conqueror of the Bastille. In the afternoon of 
July 14 he put himself at the head of the French Guards and 
the bourgeois with five pieces of cannon and attacked the Bas- 
tille. After the surrender he failed in his attempt to escort De 
Launey to the Hotel de Ville. 

L. S.. Paris, May 21, 1815. 

162. ELIE (Jacques- Job). 

Soldier, and the leading figure in the taking of the Bastille. 
Finding himself in the crowd before the Hotel de Ville on the 
morning of July 14, and seeing the mob without a leader, he 
hastened Lome and put on his uniform. He then put himself at 
the head of the assailants of the Bastille, and it was to him 
that the Governor surrendered. He was the first of the beseigers 
to enter the Bastille. He himself bore to the Hotel de Ville the 
key of the Bastille. 

A. D. S., Jan. 1, 1797. 

I. 

163. PALLOY (Pierre-Francois). 

Architect; one of the conquerors of the Bastille; obtained the 
contract for demolishing the building, and encouraging the patri- 
otic sentiment for souvenirs, he made a fortune in selling orna- 
ments cut from the stones of the Bastille. He sent a complete 
model to each of the eighty-three Departments of France. He 
assumed the soubriquet of the Patriot. 

A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 2, 1792. 

P. 

164. FLESSELLES (Jacques de). 

Massacred at Paris, July 14, 1789. Provost of Merchants. 
Early on the day when the Bastille fell he was accused of 
influencing the Governor to prolong his resistance. When, on the 
late afternoon of July 14, after De Launey, Governor of the 
Bastille, was killed, it was alleged that a letter was found on 
his person, written by Flesselles, urging him to hold the Bastille 
and the Royal troops would soon relieve him. This letter was 



23 

never produced. Flesselles was on his way from the Hotel de 
Ville to the Palais Royal to justify himself, when some one in 
the crowd shot him; his head was then cut off and carried on a 
pike about the streets. 

L. S., Oct. 18, 1781. 

I. 

165. DUSAULX ( Jean- Joseph ) . 

One of the committee named by the Electors of Paris, July 14, 
1789, to preserve order and to protect the citizens in the con- 
fusion and disorder of that eventful day. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 23, 1789. 

P. 

166. FOULLON ( Joseph-Frangois). 

Massacred at Paris, July 22, 1789. Comptroller General of 
Finances when he was appointed, on July 12, 1789, Intendant of 
Marine. Always bitter against the people, he was accused of 
having said that if the people were hungry, they might eat grass; 
and again, he would like to mow Paris as one would mow a 
meadow. The mob took him from the Hotel de Ville and hung 
him from a lantern in the Place de Greve, and then cut off his 

A. L. S., Versailles, Nov. 26, 1759. 
P. I. 

167. BERTIER DE SAUVIGNY ( Louis-Benigne-Frangois de). 

Massacred at Paris, July 23, 1789. Intendant of Finance and 
son-in-law of Foullon, with whom he speculated in grain. He 
was arrested at Compeigne and taken to Paris; the crowd made 
him kiss the head of Foullon and then massacred him. 

D. S., Paris, Feb. 3, 1789. 

I. 

168. GORSAS (Antoine- Joseph). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 7, 1793. 

On Oct. 4, 1789, at the Palais Royal, he publicly read that 
day's number of his Courier de Versailles, describing the famous 
banquet of the Royal body-guard, and declaring that those pres- 
ent had trampled under foot the national cocarde. The crowd 
began to cry, " On to Versailles," " Give us bread," and thus 
was started the movement of the " March of the Women " the 
following day, and the King's entry to Paris the second day. 
Proscribed, June 2, 1793, Gorsas fled; but, returning to Paris, 
he was arrested and executed the same day, Oct. 7, 1793. 

A. D. S. 

P. 

169. THEROIGNE DE MERICOURT ( Anne- Josephe Terwagne). 

Famous female Revolutionist On Oct. 5, 1789, in the garb of 
an Amazon, she led the mob of women from Paris to Versailles, 
and the following day escorted the King to Paris. Her salon — 
she was a woman of convent education — was attended by many 
of the leading spirits of the National Assembly. She herself 
attended and addressed the Club of the Cordeliers. She was 
prominent in the attack on the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. Allied 
herself with the Girondins. On May 31, 1793, defending Brissot 
before a mob of women, they fell upon and beat her. Became 
insane and died in an asylum. 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 



24 

170. SAINT-PRIEST (Francois-Emmanuel Guignard) Comte. 

Secretary of the King's house at Versailles at the time of the 
Etats Generaux. He was accused of saying to the women who had 
marched to Versailles on Oct. 5, 1789: When you had only one 
King you had oread; now you have 1,200 go and asfc it of them. 

L. S., Paris, Dec. 14, 1790, to Bailly. 

171. MULOT ( Francois- Valentin) l'Abbe. 

As an Elector of Paris, he bore an important part on the day 
of July 14, 1789. Elected Deputy to the Legislative Assembly 
in 1791. This present letter is of great interest, as it describes 
the National Assembly in session at Versailles, and a meeting of 
the committee with Bailly at the Hotel de Ville. On the arrival 
of the National Convention at Paris, Mulot was appointed to 
wait upon that body and welcome it in the name of the City 
of Paris. 

A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 18, 1789. 

P. 
171.* BUREAUX DE PUSY ( Jean-Xavier) . 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Gen£raux. He was 
elected President of the National Assembly Feb. 2, 1790, and 
presided over the remarkable seance two days later, when the 
King entered the hall and declared his purpose to maintain 
constitutional liberty. 

On the King's dethronement, Bureaux de Pusy went to America, 
and the present letter is written from New York. He returned 
to France a few years later. 

A. L. S., New York, Nov. 23, 1799. 

I. 

172. FAVRAS (Thomas Mahi) Marquis de. 

Hung on the Place de Greve, at Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. Mousque- 
taire and lieutenant in the Swiss Guards of the Count of Province. 
Accused, Dec, 1789, of "having plotted against the Revolution; 
having tried at night to introduce armed men into Paris ; assassi- 
nating Bailly, Lafayette and Necker; removing the Seal of the 
-State, and carrying away the Royal family to Peronne." Con- 
demned and hung. 

A. L. S., Prison of the Abbaye, Jan. 3, 1790. 

P. I. 

173. LAFAYETTE ( Marie- Joseph-Paul-Roch- Yves-Gilbert Du Motier). 

On July 14, 1790, the anniversary of the capture of the Bastille, 
and on the occasion of the grand civic federation at the Champ 
de Mars, he served as the Grand Master of Ceremonies in the 
presence of 400,000 persons. 

A. L. S., June 11, 1816. 

P. I. 

174. TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD (Charles-Maurice de). 

Bisop of Autun; Deputy to the Etats Generaux; Secretary and 
President of the Asembly. On July 14, 1790, at the great fete of 
the federation on the Champs de Mars, the first anniversary of 
the taking of the Bastille, he served as Grand High Priest, blessing 
the flags. On Jan. 25, 1791, without the authority of the Pope, 
he consecrated the first two Constitutional bishops, for which he 
was suspended by Rome. In 1791 he went to London and was 
there when, in December, the King's secret papers were discov- 
ered, showing the relationship between him and the Intendant 
Laporte. From England, Talleyrand escaped to America, landing 
at Philadelphia, where he engaged in business. He returned to 
Paris in 1796, under the Directory. 

A. L. S., 1828. 

P. I. 



25 

175. TARGET (Guy- Jean- Baptisce). 

Celebrated advocate and member of French Academy. Deputy 
from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; served on the Committee 
on the Constitution, and his reports were everywhere alluded to 
as Couches de Papa Target, the pleasantry making him finally 
withdraw from active work; declined to defend Louis XVI; pre- 
sided over the fete in the Champs de Mars, July 14, 1790. 

A. L. S., Feb. 26, 1790. 

I. 

176. COCHON (Charles de Lapparent). 

Alternate Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; he 
obtained a seat in Nov., 1790; in 1791 was made Secretary to the 
Assembly; elected to the Convention where he acted with the 
party of the Mountain; regicide. On the night of June 20, 1791, 
when the Royal family set out for Varennes, Cochon warned 
Lafayette that the Royal family, at least the Queen and Madame 
Royal, were contemplating flight. He accompanied Lafayette to 
the Tuileries and they remained in and about the Chateau until 
one o'clock in the morning, departing satisfied that the rumor 
was unfounded. It was only after their withdrawal that the King, 
and then the Queen, managed to escape. This lost hour cost Louis 
his kingdom. 

D. S., Sept. 17, 1794. 

177. BOUILLE (Francois-Claude-Amour) Marquis de. 

Fought in America under Lafayette. In the early summer of 
1791 the King and he devised the famous escape from Paris to 
Montmedy, which resulted so disastrously at Varennes; while 
but three were to be in the secret the attempt was generally ex- 
pected; it was Bouille's duty to station guards at certain points 
along the route, and the failure of one detachment, under Choiseul, 
to remain at Pont-Sommevesle — the Queen's tardiness in starting 
having delayed the party all the way along — caused the entire 
plan to miscarry, and left the Royal party without protection. 

A. L. S., Fontainbleau, Oct. 26, 1771. 

178. MONTMORIN-SAINT-HEREM ( Armand-Marc ) Comte de. 

Massacred at Paris, Sept. 2, 1792. Minister of Foreign Affairs 
under Louis XVI; on June 5, 1791, he issued the Passport under 
which the Royal family sought to escape, and which was found 
rtpon the King at Varennes; he was accused June 24, and after- 
wards imprisoned in the Abbaye, where he was massacred. 

A. L. S., Versailles, Sept. 18, 1788. 

179. TOURZEL ( Louise-Marie-A. J. de Croy) Madame de. 

Governess to the Royal children. On the flight to Varennes she 
accompanied the Royal family; she personated the Baroness de 
Korff; on Aug. 13, 1792, she followed the Royal family to the 
Temple; on Aug. 19 she was imprisoned in La Force, but was 
taken out through the bribery of her guards by the Due de Pen- 
thievre the night before the massacre of Sept. 2, 1792. 

A. L. S., St. Cloud, July 11, 1790. 

P. I. 

180. Facsimile of the Passport issued in the name of the Baronne De 

Korff (Madame de Tourzel), going to Frankfort with two children 
( the Dauphin and Maria-Ther§se ) , one f emme de chambre ( the 
Queen), one valet de chambre (the King). The Passport is dated 
June 5, 1791, and was good for one month. 

181. FERSEN (Axel) Comte. 

Massacred at Stockholm in 1810. With Lafayette in America; 
intimate as well as devoted friend of Marie Antoinette; disguised 



26 

as a coachman he drove the Berlin coach containing the Royal 
family on their flight; the exact location where the carriage waited 
is said to be the corner of Rue de Rivoli and the Rue de l'Echelle. 

A. D. S., April 12, 1790. 

P. I. 

182. CHOISEUL (Cl-Ant-G due de). 

Officer of Hussars; whose abandonment of his post at Pont-de- 
Sommevesle caused the plans for the escape of the Royal family 
to go astray; had he, with his detachment, remained until the 
Royal coach arrived, some three hours later, the history of France 
might have been differently written. 

A. L, S., Nancy, June 4, 1789. 

183. DROUET ( Jean-Baptiste). 

Maitre de Poste at Sainte-Menehould when the Royal family 
passed through — about seven o'clock in the evening of June 21, 
1791 ; discovered the identity of the King and roused the people, 
following the Royal carriage to Varennes, where he caused the 
arrest; elected member of the Convention; joined the Mountain or 
radical faction; regicide; sent on a mission to the Army of the 
North; captured by the Austrians and exchanged for the young 
Princesse Royale. 

A. L. S., Aug. 29, 1793. 

P. I. 

184. LATOUR-MAUBOURG (Marie-Charles-Cesar de Fay) . 

Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux. When news came 
of the King's capture at Varennes June 22, 1791, a few minutes 
after ten o'clock in the evening, great excitement prevailed in the 
Assembly and a recess was taken; at ten-thirty it met again, and 
at one o'clock in the morning of June 23, he, with Barnave and 
Petion, were named a Committee to go to Varennes and escort the 
King back to Paris; after Aug. 10, 1792, he fled with Lafayette. 

A. D. S. 

185. BARNAVE ( Antoine- Joseph-Marie-Pierre ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 28, 1793. Deputy from Third Estate 
to Etats Generaux; President of the Jacobins; entered the Na- 
tional Assembly with most pronounced Republican views, antago- 
nizing Mirabeau; named on the Committee of three to go to 
Varennes and escort the captured King back to Paris; he and 
Petion occupied the Royal coach, and Barnave showed the King 
great respect; when the King's papers were discovered after the 
capture of the Tuileries he was incriminated, arrested and im- 
prisoned at Grenoble for fifteen months; later he was condemned 
and guillotined. 

A. D., June 7, 1792. 

P. I. 

186. PETION DE VILLENEUVE (Jer6me). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; President pf the 
National Assembly; one of the Committee to escort the King from 
Varennes to Paris ; occupying the same carriage with the Royal 
family he was accused of rudeness; elected Mayor of Paris, suc- 
ceeding Bailly; on the assembling of the National Convention 
Sept. 20, 1792, he was elected its first President; voted for the 
death of the King, but Avith reprieve; united with the friends of 
the Girondins : nccused as the confident of Dumouriez; he was 
proscribed and fled to Calvados; his body and that of Buzot were 
found partly eaten by wolves. 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 



27 

187. DUMAS (Mathieu) Comte. 

With Rochambeau in America; he was appointed July 23, 1791, 
as a military representative, to escort the Committee and Royal 
family to Paris from Varennes. 

A. L. S. 

188. LOUIS (Antoine) Dr. 

Perpetual Secretary to the Academie de Chirurgie; contributed 
articles on surgery to the Encyclopedie; although Dr. Guillotine 
on Oct. 10, 1789, proposed decapitation as a means of execution, 
it was not until March 7, 1792, that Dr. Louis devised the instru- 
ment which was adopted by the Asembly ; it was at first called 
La Louisette, or La Petite Louison, after its inventor. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

189. DESPERRIERES ( Gabriel-Adrien-Marie Poissonier) . 

Soldier and Colonel. On June 20, 1792, he covered the King 
with his own body to protect him from the mob, and carried the 
Dauphin in his arms when the troops, under Lanterne, were passing 
the Tuileries. 

A. L. S., Jan. 28, 1830. In this present letter he declares that 
on the 13 vendemiare (Oct. 4, 1795), he was ordered to fire on the 
citizens of Paris and refused — a work which was taken up by 
Bonaparte, leading the latter to an Empire. 

190. LAMOURETTE ( Antoine-Adrien ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, Jan. 11, 1794. Priest and Legislator; his 
fame rests mostly on a speech made by him in the Assembly July 
7, 1792, when by sounding the right note he brought harmony, for 
the time at least, out of the discord into which the Assembly had 
fallen; he pictured the torn condition of France, the jealousy of 
one faction of another, the gloating of the common enemy over 
their internal dissensions; he called upon them to stand united for 
the Constitution; the scene which followed was one of the great 
events of that Assembly; the members of the left fell upon the 
necks of those on the right, and everywhere all divisions were 
obliterated. 

A. L. S., Sept. 9, 1789. 

191. ROGET DE LISLE ( Claude- Joseph ) . 

Young artillery officer; in April, 1792, he composed the words 
and music of the hymn, since become famous as La Marseillaise; 
it was composed, as if by inspiration, in a single night at the 
request of his host, M. Dietrich, Mayor of Strasburg, and was 
entitled Chant de Guerre de I'Armee du Rhin; it became known 
under its present name when the volunteers, marching from Mar- 
seilles, arrived at Paris, July 30, 1792, singing it en route; Lamar- 
tine called it the " Fire-water of the Revolution." 

A. L. S., March 3, 1827. 

P. I. 

192. DIETRICH (Philippe-Frederic). 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 30, 1794. Mayor of Strasburg, in 
whose house and at whose suggestion Roget de Lisle composed his 
famous Marseillaise; revolutionist, he opposed the Mountadn 
faction; after Aug. 10, 1792, he declared his opposition; was en- 
rolled among the emigres; returned and was captured. 

A. L. S., Toulouse, July 18, 1785. 

P. I. 

193. BARBAROUX ( Charles- Jean-Marie ) . 

Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. At the instigation of 
Madame Roland he summoned the volunteers from Marseilles and 



28 

himself carried to Paris the resolutions calling for the dethrone- 
ment of the King; the object of Barbaroux, and the people back of 
him, was to inflame the people, intimidate the National Guard of 
Paris, and to help consummate the plans of the Girondins; took a 
leading part in the attack on the Tuileries Aug. iO, 1792; became 
one of the leaders of the Girondins; regicide. On the fall of his 
faction he escaped to Bordeaux, but was recognized and executed. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

194. LASNIER (Jacques). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 29, 1794. Member of the Commune; 
one of the chief promoters of the affair of Aug. 10, 1792, when 
occurred the attack on the Tuileries ; he organized the different sec- 
tions of Paris, assigning new judicial fimctions to its officers. The 
present item is his official report to the Assembly. 

A. L. S., Aug. 14, 1792. 

195. MANDAT (Antoine- Jean-Galliot) Marquis de. 

Massacred at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. Commander of the National 
Guard; ordered by Petion, Mayor of Paris, to hold the Tuileries 
and combat force with force; early on the morning of Aug. 10th he 
was summoned to the Hotel de Ville to find a new municipal party 
in control; arrested by Danton, and while setting out for the 
Abbaye was shot and killed on the steps of the Hotel de Ville. 

A. D. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1792, nine days before the massacre. 

196. MAILLY D'HARCOURT (Augustin- Joseph de). 

Guillotined at Paris, March 25, 1794. Marshal of France; com- 
manded in 1790 one of the four armies; defended the Tuileries on 
Aug. 10, 1792, escaping the tragic results of that day; he was soon 
after arrested, taken to Arras, and there decapitated; he died cry- 
ing: Vive le roi, I die faithful to my King like all my ancestors. 

A. L. S., Paris, July 21, 1792. 

197. CARLE (Raphael). 

Massacred by the Mob, Aug. 10, 1792. Jeweler by trade; he 
was chosen to command the Batallion d'Henri IV ; on Aug. 10, 
1792, Carle, like Mandat, was defending the Tuileries, when the 
people, enraged at the attitude of defense and wild at the firing 
on the ci*owd by the Swiss Guard, fell upon him and nearly killed 
him, when Palloy, the Patriot, so the story goes, gave him the 
finishing stroke. The present letter was written by Carle to this 
same Palloy. 

A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 30, 1791. 

198. ROEDERER (Pierre-Louis) Comte. 

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; in the Na- 
tional Assembly on April 7, 1790, he urged the institution of trial 
by jury, not only as to fact but as to law; April 12. 1790, was 
elected Secretary of the Assembly; on Aug. 10, 1792, he attended 
at the Tuileries, and it was on his advice that the King and court 
placed themselves in the hands of the Assembly at the Manege — 
for which action he earned the enmity of the Commune. 

A. L. S., Nov. 1, 1805. 

P. 

199. MERLIN DE THIONVILLE (Antoine-Christophe) . 

Member of the National Assembly; one of the chief figures in 
the events of Aug. 10, 1792; Aug. 18, 1794, he was elected President 
of the Convention. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 26, 1796. 

200. THEVENARD ( Antoine- Jean-Marie ) . 

Sailor and minister; long in public service in the marine and 



29 

under the King ; when the decree of dethronement was announced 
in Lorient, Thevenard, who was stationed there as Commandant of 
the Marine, hastened to report to the National Assembly the joy 
with which the news was received. 
A. L. S., Lorient, Jan. 4, 1786. 

201. SERVAN DE GERBEY (Joseph). 

Minister of War, May 9, 1792, holding that office on the memora- 
ble 10th of Aug., 1792. One of his last official acts was to direct 
the substitution of the Marseillaise for the Te Deum throughout 
France, on the occasion of military victories. 

A. L. S., To Bernadotte, Aug. 24, 1799. 

P. 

202. LAPORTE (Arnaud de). 

Guillotined at Paris, Aug. 24, 1792. Intendant of the Civil list 
in 1790; his office was to arrange for paying the expenses and 
pensions of the court and government, and he was held responsible 
by the new regime for much that was simply clerical; when the 
King fled to Varennes he entrusted him with the letters to the 
Assembly; he was the repository of the State secrets and particu- 
larly of the King's. After Aug. 10, 1792, letters were found of his 
in the secret iron Armoire at the Tuileries showing preparations 
for the accommodation of a military force in the Tuileries. He 
was the second person tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal as 
finally constituted. 

A. L. S., Brest, July 17, 1778. 

203. JOURGNIAC SAINT MEARD (Francois). 

One of the few prisoners who escaped the Massacres of Sept. 2 
and 3, 1792; he wrote Hon agonie de trente huit heures, describing 
his experience in the prison of the Abbaye during the two days and 
the report of his examination. 

A. L. S., May 5, 1793. 

P. I. 

204. JOURGNIAC DE SAINT MEARD, Document on. 

The original order for his imprisonment in l'Abbaye by the 
Municipality of Paris, dated Aug. 23, 1792. The document is 
signed by the infamous Municipal officer, Daujon, who' prepared 
the report incriminating the Queen and signed by the Dauphin. 

205. BOSQUILLON (Charles). 

Massacred at l'Abbaye, Sept. 2, 1792. Judge de paix; prisoner in 
l'Abbaye when the massacre took place and is said to have been 
massacred by his frotteur. 

A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 12, 1788. 

206. THIERRY VILLE D'AVRAY (Marc-Antolne) . 

Massacred at Paris, Sept. 2, 1792. Valet de Chambre of the 
King, with A\*hom he had great influence. He is said once to have 
been intermediary between Louis XVI and the Girondins. It is 
related of him that when the King asked him what he thought of 
the Royal occupation, carpentry and machinery, he replied; "Sire, 
when Kings amuse themselves with the occupations of the people 
the people are liable to amuse themselves with the business of 
Kings." He was massacred in the Abbaye, where he was placed 
after the days of Aug. 10. 

A. L. S., Versailles, March 23, 1787. 

I. 

207. SOMBREUIL ( Francois-Charles- Virau de). 

Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1794. Governor of Hotel des 
Invalides ; accused of having defended the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792 ; 
he was arrested and confined in the Abbaye; the legend is that his 



30 

daughter saved his life after he was wounded on Sept. 2, 1792, by- 
complying with the alternative offered by the mob of drinking the 
blood of her father ; this is denied by Sergent-Marceau, who at the 
time was at the head of all the Paris prisons; he escaped at that 
time but was finally executed. 

A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 8, 1788. 

I. 

208. SOMBREUIL ( Marie-Maurille Virau) de, Comtese Villelume. 

Daughter of the Marshal, of whom the above doubtful incident 
was related. 

A. L. S., Paris, July 11. 
P. I. 

209. SERGENT-MARCEAU ( Antoine-Francois ) . 

Member of the National Convention; Secretary of the Society of 
the Jacobins; at the head of the prisons in 1792; regicide; nick- 
named Sergent- Agate, from his having been accused of pilfering an 
agate ring; hence he joined to his own name the name of his 
brother-in-law, Gen. Marceau. 

A. L. S., Milan, May 1, 1821. 

P. 

210. FOURNIER (Claude, dit FAmericain). 

Prominent at the taking of the Bastille; in the affair of the 
Champs de Mars, July 17, 1792, he held a pistol at Lafayette's 
breast; he was one of the leaders at the attack on the Tuileries, 
Aug. 10, 1792; it was he who was in charge of the Paris volunteers 
who were to bring back from Orleans to Versailles the 53 political 
prisoners; arriving in Versailles Sunday, Sept. 9, 1792, as they 
were nearing the Orangerie they were massacred in the most blood- 
thirsty manner — only three escaping; Foumier at the time, and 
even as late as when Boissy d'Anglas accused him, July 20, 1797, 
was held responsible for this atrocious act. 

D. S., June 24, 1797. 

211. MALESHERBES ( Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon de). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Distinguished advocate 
and magistrate; as early as 1774 he urged the calling of the Etats 
Gen6raux; when, at the end of the year 1792, the King was put on 
trial he defended him; like his Royal Master, and because of de- 
fending him, he lost his head upon the scaffold. 

A. L. S., Jan. 11, 1772. 

P. I. 

212. SEZE (Raymond-Romain) Comte de. 

Advocate and member of the French Academy. He showed much 
enthusiasm for the Revolution, but was not prominent until 
Malesherbes requested that he be associated with him in the trial 
of the King. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1790. 

213. PAINE (Thomas). 

Secretary of Foreign Affairs Committee of the American .Con- 
gress; on Aug. 26, 1792, the Legislative Assembly of France con- 
ferred the title of French Citizen on Paine as well as on Washing- 
ton, Hamilton, and Madison; elected to the Convention his was, 
except that of Brissot, the last voice raised on the night of Jan. 
19-20, 1793, to save the King. In creating the Constitution of the 
Year III he was one of the three members who declared for- uni- 
versal suffrage. 

A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 18, 1797. 
213*. KERSAINT (Armand-Guy-Simon). 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 4, 1793. Sailor and Conventionnel ; 



31 

he is famous for the bold attitude taken by him in the trial of the 
King. Openly avowing his loyalty to Louis he voted for his 
acquittal, and when, on Jan. 18, 1793, the vote for the death of 
the King was announced, he mounted the tribunal and exclaimed: 
/ wish to relieve myself in placing the responsibility for this crime 
where it belongs, on assassins. I herewith resign and I lay my 
reasons for this in writing in the hands of the President. Kersaint 
retired to the country but was arrested, Sept. 25, 1793, tried and 
condemned. 

This piece is the original of his " reasons," and is dated the very 
day of his speech. 

A. D. S., Jan. 18, 1793. 

214. LEPELETIER, DE SAINT FARGEAU, (Louis-Michel). 

Assassinated at Paris, Jan. 20, 1793. Deputy from the No- 
bility to the Etats Generaux; Conventionnel ; regicide. Going out 
of the Convention, he dined at a table in the Cafe Fevrier in the 
Palais Royal, and was settling his account when an ex-member of 
the King's body-guard, by the name of Paris, stabbed him so that 
he died almost directly. The following day the honours of the 
Pantheon were decreed him. 

A. L. S., 1790. 

P. I. 

215. GARAT (Joseph-Dominique). 

Advocate, editor and legislator. Deputy from the Third Estate 
to Etats Generaux; one of the editors of the Journal de Paris and 
the Mercure Frangais; professor of history at the Athenee. On 
Oct. 9, 1792, he became Minister of Justice, succeeding Danton. 
It was he who on Jan. 20, 1793, took to the King the decree of 
the Convention and solemnly announced to him his sentence. 

[The present piece is the original warrant for the arrest of 
Talleyrand (Bishop of Autun), growing out of the incriminating 
papers found in the King's secret armory at the Tuileries. 
Talleyrand was then in England, and this decree was the occasion 
of his flight to America.] 

D. S., Paris, Dec. 5, 1792. 

216. CHAMBON DE MONTAUX (Nicolas). 

Physician and Mayor of Paris. The original order, Jan. 18, 
1793, for the six battalions in the vicinity of the Temple to 
guard the same during the execution of Louis Capet — a rumour 
running that an attempt would be made to kill the Royal family 
during the excitement. The King was condemned Jan. 16-17, 
1793, but the question of reprieve was settled only on the night 
of Jan. 19-20 by a vote of 380 against and 310 for. This order 
must have been issued immediately after the vote for conviction. 

D. S., Jan. 18, 1793. 

217. SANTERRE ( Antoine- Joseph ) . 

Master brewer of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Soldier, and 
on Oct. 11, 1792, was made Marechale de Camp. At the execu- 
tion of Louis XVI, Jan. 21, 1793, he escorted the King from 
the Temple to the scaffold, and when the King desired to say 
some dying words, he ordered the drums to beat, that he could 
not be heard. 

A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 18, 1806. 

P. I. 

218. BERRUYER (Jean-Francois). 

Distinguished soldier; officer in charge of the troops around 
the guillotine at the execution of Louis XVI, Jan. 21, 1793. 
D. S., March 12, 1799. 
I. 



32 

219. EDGEWORTH ( Henry- Allen-de Firmont) Abbe. 

The brave priest, confessor to Louis XVI, who accompanied him 
to the guillotine, and, as the knife fell, cried : Son of Saint-Louis, 
ascend to Heaven. 

A. L., 1791. 

P. I. 

220. SANSON (Charles-Henri). 

Public executioner during the Terror, and who decapitated ix>uis 

XVI. 

A. L. S., Jan. 22, 1790. 

I. 

221. MONTANSIER ( Margurite-Brunet, dite) . 

Proprietor of the principal theatre in Paris at the Palais 
Royal, whose theatrical performances contributed to the spread 
of Revolutionary ideas. Accused of distributing medals witn 
Royalist designs, she was long under suspicion. 

A. L. S., April 26, 1798. 

P. 

— 222. ROYALIST EFFEGIES. 

Representations of the Royalist vases used during the Revo- 
lution where the unequal lines produced the profiles of the King 
and the Royal family. 
S"> 223. ETUIS, Les. 

Example of one of the little needle boxes used by women of 
Royalist sympathies during the Reign of Terror. The rims ap- 
pearing on the box are so carved that when the shadows are 
formed by the light falling on them they make a profile of King 
Louis XVI. The secret was kept well through that period, as the 
possession of one of these would lead to the guillotine. 
•*■ 224. BOUTONS, Les. 

A. Button worn by the Swiss Guards who were massacred at 
the Tuileries Aug. 10, 1792. 

B. Button with Phrygian cap worn by the Municipal Guards. 

C. Buttons of the National Guard worn during the Reign of 
Terror. 

225. FRECINE (Augustin-Lucie de). 

Regicide; Secretary of the Convention. It was he who reported 
and passed, Sept. 28, 1793, a measure to make and issue two 
thousand million in Assignats from 400 livres (francs) value down 
to 10 each. They were put into circulation only by order of the 
Convention. Assignats were first issued pursuant to a decree 
of the National Assembly upon the report of April 7, 1790, but 
this sort of paper money had been proposed as early as Nov. 21, 
1789. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 16, 1794. 

P. 

226. DELMAS ( Jean-Franc.ois-Bertrand) . 

Soldier and legislator. Elected to the Legislative Assembly 
Sept. 6, 1791 ; chosen Secretary Jan. 25, 1792. On his motion, 
July 16, the National Gendarmerie was created. Conventionnel ; 
regicide. Elected President of the Convention April 5, 1793, and 
two days after, while still President, he was named on the 
Committee of Public Safety. One of the most tumultuous sessions 
occurred during his Presidency, April 11, 1793, when Marat and 
the Girondins violently quarrelled. Thuriot was in the chair, 
but could not quell the tumult. It was then that Delmas re- 
sumed the chair and the disturbance ceased. 

A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 11, 1797. 



33 

227. CAMBON (Pierre- Joseph). 

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats G6neraux; elected to the 
Legislative Assembly Sept. 3, 1791, where he occupied himself 
particularly with finances. He provided that the Assignats should 
be issued only as necessity demanded. It was on his motion 
that the metal statues were ordered to be melted into cannon; 
advocated the sale of the crown jewels. On Sept. 3, 1792, he 
was elected to the Convention; regicide, but pronounced himself 
against the party of Robespierre. On April 7, 1793, he was 
placed on the Committee of Public Safety, having been chosen 
Secretary three days before, and on Sept. 19, 1793, was elected 
President. He was among those who vigorously fought Rodespierre 
on the 8 thermidor, but it was more to repel the latter's charge 
against Cambon's financial conduct. He was implicated in the 
affair of April 1, 1795, and on May 20 was named Mayor of 
Paris by a mob. Before he could officially act he was obliged 
to flee; retired to Montpelier, where he lived until the' end of 
the Empire. While on the Committee of Public Safety, on Aug. 
14, 1793, he reported his famous financial plan, the principal 
feature of which was the opening of the Grand Livre de la Dette 
Publique, in which should be inscribed the name of each creditor. 
The plan was peculiarly Republican, and appealed to the patriot- 
ism of the citizens. The absence of a man's name, assuming that 
he had property, was prima facie evidence of Royalist leanings. 

D. S. 

228. GAUDIN (Martin-Michel-Charles) Due de Gaete. 

Manager of the Treasury in 1791, he held the position until the 
Year III. Became Minister of Finance Nov. 5, 1795. Except 
Cambon, no financier did more for the Republic. It was he who 
created the Bank of France. Napoleon made him a Comte in 
April, 1808, and on Aug. 15, 1809, the Emperor made him Due 
de Gaete. Under Louis XVIII he was named Governor of the 
Bank of France. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 20, 1801. 

P. 

229. ASSIGNATS. 

230. GRAND LIVRE DE LA DETTE PUBLIQUE. 

Example showing on the face side the amount entered in the 
Book and on the reverse the entries of interest. 

231. MUSSET (Joseph-Mathurin). 

When the Revolution came he was cure in Falleron in the 
Vendee. Elected to the Legislative Assembly, he joined the left 
side, and afterwards the Mountain when in the Convention to 
which he was elected, Sept., 1792. Member of the Committee 
of General Surety. 

D. S. The present piece, with the seal of the committee, relates 
to the falsifying or counterfeiting of Assignats. 

232. ELIZABETH (Philippine-Marie-Helene) Madame. 

Guillotined at Paris, May 10, 1794. Sister of Louis XVI; im- 
prisoned with the Royal family in the Temple. 
A. L. S., April 8, 1790. 
P. 

233. DAUPHIN (Louis-Charles) Le. 

Alleged to have died at Paris, June 8, 1795. Second son of 
Louis ; Dauphin on the death of his brother ; imprisoned in the 
Temple, Aug. 13, 1792. The original of this piece is among the 
archives preserved in the Hotel Soubise, Paris, and constitutes the 
horrible accusation against Marie Antoinette. 

P. I. 



34 

234. ANGOULEME (Marie-Therese-Charlotte, Princesse Royale) Duch- 

esse d'. 

Called Madame Royale; the only member of the family to sur- 
vive the scenes in the Temple; exchanged Dec. 25, 1795, near Bale, 
for certain French citizens, prisoners in Austria. 

A. L. S., Goritz, Oct. 12, 1840. 

P. I. 

235. ANGOULEME ( Louis-Antoine ) Due d'. 

Son of Charles X and husband of Madame Royale; became the 
Dauphin of France on his father's accession to the throne; being 
childless, his brother's children (Due de Berry) became the heirs 
of the house. 

A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 6, 1826. 

236. TOURZEL, Madame. 

Holograph manuscript of Madame Tourzel, inscribed from the 
Journal kept by the Princesse Royale while in the Temple. 

237. CHAUMETTE (Pierre-Gaspard). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. Wrote for Revolutions de 
Paris in 1790; member of the insurrection Commune of Aug. 10, 
1792; Dec. 5 of that year he was made Procureur General; he did 
much for the hygienic and educational care of the city; leading 
examiner of the Royal children at the Temple, Oct. 4, 1793, in the 
case against Marie Antoinette. 

L. S., Paris, June 7, 1793. 

P. 

238. HUE (Francois). 

Valet de Chambre to the Dauphin; escaped from the Tuileries 
Aug. 10, 1792, by leaping from a window, but on the following day 
joined the King at the Feuillants, whither the Royal family had 
gone on that eventful day; on Aug. 13, at seven o'clock in the 
evening, he entered the Temple with the Royal family. 

A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 14, 1814. 

239. CLERY ( Jean-Baptiste Cant Hanet). 

Valet de Chambre to the Dauphin, until, in the Temple, he served 
the King in that capacity; he was with the King until the latter 
left for the guillotine; on his monument one reads: Gi-git le fidele 
Glery. 

A. D., Receipt for articles used by the King in the Temple. 

240. MERCIER (La femme). 

Holograph receipt for books furnished Louis XVI at the Temple 
on the order of Clery. the Valet de Chambre. 
A. D. S., Paris, Nov. 20, 1792. 

241. Books used in the Temple by the King, Louis XVI, in teaching 

geography and history to the Dauphin. These books were given 
by the Princesse Royale — the Duchesse d'Angouleme — to Madame 
de Chanterenne, from whose descendants they came into the present 
collection. 

242. GAUTHIER, DES ORCIERES ( Antoine-Francois ) . 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; member 
of the Convention; regicide; member of the Committee of Public 
Surety. This very remarkable document, certifying to the zeal 
and probity of Gomin, guard in the Temple over the Royal 
children, is worthy of special study. It marks the transition period 
in the Revolution. The word Fraternity has disappeared. On the 
one side, war is declared against the partisans of the Terror, on 
the other, against the Emigres and Royaltv. 

D. S., Oct. 22, 1795. 



35 

243. LOUIS XVI, Document on. 

Report as to the health of the King while in the Temple. 
D. S., Le Temple, Nov. 18, 1792 — signed by Roche. 

244. WILLIAMS (Eleazer). 

Believed by many to have been Louis XVII; first attracted atten- 
tion m Albany, N. Y., in 1795, where he appeared with three 
French refugees, a man and a woman and a little girl, all showing 
him marked reverence; the woman called herself de Jardin, or 
Jourdain, and claimed to have been employed once in the Royal 
household of France; the lad was then taken to the Indians near 
Lake George, where he grew to manhood; he was adopted by a 
half-breed Indian called Thomas Williams; while still with the 
Indians two Frenchmen, of distinguished bearing, visited him, doing 
him great honour; an Albany banker had from France regular 
remittances of money which were paid over to the Indian, Williams ; 
the lad became a missionary and was of service to the Government 
in the War of 1812. The personal resemblance of Williams to the 
members of the Royal family is remarkable. 

A. L. S., Lenox, Jan. 5, 1826. 

P. ; 

245. RICHEMONT (Claude-Perrein) Baron de. 

One of the pretenders to the title of Louis XVII ; he lived for a 
time at Rouen under the name of Louis Hefert; in 1833 he claimed 
the throne of France, and the present autograph manuscript is his 
defense; also, a proclamation of his claims, dated from the Luxem- 
bourg and signed by him as the Due de Normandy, the first title 
of the Dauphin. 

A. D. S., 1833. 

246. LE VASSEUR ( Antoine-Louis De La Meurthe). 

Conventionnel and regicide; it was on his motion, amending 
Carrier's initiatory proposition, that the Convention on March 9, 
1793, decree the establishment of a Revolutionary Tribunal from 
which there should be no appeal. 

D. S., Paris, Nov. 29, 1794. 

247. VOULLAND (Jean-Henri). 

Deputy to Etats Generaux; Conventionnel and regicide; on Sept 
14, 1793, he was placed on the Committee of General Surety, and 
two weeks later he reported the complete organization of that 
dreadful machine, the Revolutionary Tribunal; it was he, who on 
the 9th themidor, proposed Barras for Commander-in-Chief of the 
National Guard, and at the same session he proposed the decree 
of arrest against Robespierre and his followers. 

D. S., see 213*. 

248. REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL. 

Order signed by Fouquier-Tinville as Public Accuser for the 
transfer of certain prisoners, named herein, from the prison of the 
Conciergerie to the prison of Egalite in the Rue Jacques. On this 
list is Beausire, a spy of the Tribunal, who was included in order 
to acquire information, and who sent to the guillotine the others 
named herein. 

D. S., Paris, April 4, 1794. 

249. MONTANE ( Jacques-Bemard-Marie) . 

First President of Revolutionary Tribunal; presided at the trial 
of Charlotte Corday. 

D. S., Paris, May 10, 1793. 

250. HERMAN ( Martial- Joseph-Armand ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, May 7, 1795. Associate of Robespierre; 
Judge of the Tribunal at Arras; he was brought to Paris by 
Robespierre and made President of the Revolutionary Tribunal- 



36 

he presided over and guided the trials of Marie Antoinette, the 
Girondins, the Hebertistes and the Dantonists; he was tried and 
condemned. May 6, 1795, for " having caused to perish under the 
false form of judgment an innumerable multitude of the French 
people of every age and sex." 

A. L. S., Arras, July 11, 1784. 

P. I. 

251. MATHIEU-MIRAMPAL ( Jean-Baptiste-Charles ) . 

First President (second section) of the Revolutionary Tribunal. 
D. S., Sept. 26, 1794. 

252. DUMAS ( Rene-Francois ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. The triumvirate, Robe- 
spierre, St. Just and Couthon, after Danton's death, controlled 
absolutely the Committee of Public Safety; to control the Revo- 
lutionary Tribunal Robespierre put Dumas in the position of 
President; on the 9th thermidor he was arrested in his place on 
the bench of the Tribunal. 

L. S., Paris, Oct. 12, 1793. 

I. 

253. REAL (Pierre Francois). 

First Public Accuser of the Revolutionary Tribunal; one of the 
witnesses against Brissot; imprisoned in the Luxembourg until 
after Robespierre's fall. 

A. L. S., To Philip Hone of New York. Havre, May 24, 1827. 

254. FAURE (Balthazar). 

Conventionnel and regicide; named Public Accuser, but declined 
to serve. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 18, 1798. 

255. FOUQU1ER-TINVILLE (Antoine-Quentin) . 

Guillotined at Paris, May 2, 1795. Public Accuser of the Revo- 
lutionary Tribunal throughout the Reign of Terror; the sessions 
were held in the Palais de Justice in the Salle de Louis-grand. 
It is known to-day as the Premiere Gliambre Civile. Here were 
tried Marie Antoinette, the Girondins and Madame Roland. Char- 
lotte Corday was tried in the Salle de l'Egalite. 

A. L. S., Paris, May 31, 1780. 

P. I. 

256. FOUQUIER-TINVILLE. 

In this present letter Fouquier speaks of " the multiplicity of 
affairs and my occupation at the trials." 
L. S., Paris, March 3, 1794. 

257. LESCOT-FLEURIOT ( Jean-Baptiste-Edmond) . 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Elected substitute Public 
Accuser to the Revolutionary Tribunal; conducted, Nov. 1, 1793, 
the trial of Madame Roland; elected Mayor of Paris May 10, 1794; 
identified himself with Robespierre and seconded him in all his 
efforts in the Commune and in the Jacobin Club. 

A. L. S., Paris, July 24, 1794. 

258. DOBSENT (Claude-Emmanuel). 

Alternate Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; 
on Dec. 28, 1793, he was elected by the Convention as Judge of the 
Revolutionary Tribunal, and presided over many important trials. 

A. L. S., Aug. 9, 1794. 

259. SOUBERBIELLE (Jacques). 

Surgeon and Revolutionist; on Sept. 28, 1793, he was made a 
member of the jury of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and as such 
condemned Marie Antoinette to death. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 25, 1834. 



37 

260. ANTONELLE ( Pierre- Antoine ) Marquis d'. 

Deputy to the Legislative Assembly; on Sept. 28, 1793, he was 
placed at the head of the jury in the Revolutionary Tribunal, and 
as such he voted for the death of the Queen and the Girondins; 
in the case of the latter it was he who precluded an adequate 
defense by declaring that the jury were already sufficiently en- 
lightened. 

A. D. S., Dec. 4, 1795. Repeats Rousseau's famous text on 
Equality. 

261. LEROY DE MONTFLOBERT ( Antoine-Nicolas-Louis ) Marquis. 

Guillotined at Paris, May 7, 1795. Famous for his efforts in 
promoting the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792; from this he took the 
family name of Dix-Aout that his own name, Leroy, might not be 
again known; on Sept. 28, 1793, he became a member of the jury 
of the Revolutionary Tribunal that condemned the Queen and the 
Girondins to death. 

D. S., Jan. 12, 1791. 

262. LE BOIS ( Michel- Joseph ) . 

Public Accuser before the Criminal Tribunal during the Revo- 
lution. 

A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 25, 1794. 

263. PARIS (Fabricius). 

Notary to the Revolutionary Tribunal; at the trial of Fouquier- 
Tinville it was he who revealed so much of the working of the 
machine known as the Revolutionary Tribunal. The present piece 
is the original order of execution on June 27, 1794, of Claude- 
Guillaume Lambert, the ex- Comptroller of the Finances under 
Louis XVI. He was guillotined with 21 others that same day. 

D. S., 9th messador (June 27), 1794. 

264. BOUDIN ( Jacques-Antoine). 

Conventionnel and regicide; it was he who, on May 7, 1795, de- 
clared the time had come to suppress the Tribunal Revolutionaire. 
A. L. S., Feb. 6, 1795. 

265. DUMOURIEZ (Charles-Francois) . 

Famous General and Minister; the Girondins named him Minister 
of Foreign Relations, March 17, 1792; appointed Commander of the 
Armies of the North; defeated the Austrians at Jemmapes Nov. 9, 
1792; called by his enemies among the Jacobins Caesar Dumouriez; 
he openly declared his object was to restore the Constitution of 
1791; he conceived the idea of marching on Paris, and on March 
30, 1793, he actually came across the frontiers. The Convention 
sent against him Beurnonville, Minister of War, and the Repre- 
sentatives Camus, Lamarque, Bancal and Quinette, with orders to 
bring him as a traitor to the Convention. Dumouriez arrested the 
representatives, except Camus, who was absent, and gave them as 
prisoners to the Austrians. This ended his career and he fled from 
France. 

A. D. S., Paris, May 1, 1792. 

P. I. 

266. MIACZINSKI (Joseph). 

Guillotined at Paris, May 22, 1793. Soldier and subordinate 
officer to Dumouriez, in whose defection he shared ; he was arrested, 
tried and condemned; the charge was having obeyed an order of 
Dumouriez, handed him by Devaux, to return from the walls of 
Lille with his 5,000 men. It is said that when the executioner 
lifted the severed head to show it to the people the eyes, closed till 
then, opened wide and seemed to survey the multitude. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 18, 1792, to Dumouriez. 



38 

267. BEURNONVILLE ( Pierre de Riel ) . 

General and Minister; elected Minister of War on March 13, 
1793; on March 31, 1793, Duniouriez informed him of the inter- 
ference of the Commissioners from the Convention in arresting 
d'Harville, who was about to execute an important movement; the 
same day, when he attempted to arrest Dumouriez, the latter put 
in arrest both him and the Representatives of the Convention at 
a place near Peronne; he was imprisoned at Olmutz until Nov. 12, 
1795. 

A. L. S., Jan. 19, 1797. 

P. I. 

268. QUINETTE (Nicolas-Marie) Baron de Rochemont. 

Conventionnel and regicide ; sent by the Convention with Beurnon- 
ville to arrest Dumouriez, when the latter arrested him and gave 
him to the Austrians. He was exchanged, near Bale, Dec. 25, 1795, 
for the daughter of Louis XVI. 

A. L. S., Dec. 8, 1801. 

269. LAMARQUE (Frangois). 

Conventionnel and regicide; he was sent as Commissioner to 
arrest Dumouriez, and was himself arrested March 31, 1793, and 
imprisoned at Spielburg until he was exchanged in 1795. 

D. S., Jan. 27, 1792. See 312. 

270. HARVILLE ( Louis- Auguste- Juvenal des Ursins d'). 

Soldier under Dumouriez; he had an important part in the 
battle of Jemmapes, and was himself suspected after Dumouriez's 
flight; tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal at Paris; acquitted 
at his trial. [Under item Montane (Revolutionary Tribunal), is 
the original order for his confinement in the Conciergerie.] 

A. L. S., Paris, March 5, 1795. 

271. MARAT (Jean-Paul) l'Ami du Peuple. 

Assassinated at Paris, July 13, 1793. The family, of Spanish 
origin, spelled the name Mara ; the final letter was added by Jean- 
Paul himself; follower of Rousseau; physician to the Body-Guard 
of the Count d'Artois ; author of many political tracts between 
1775 and 1789; Sept. 12, 1789, he began to publish he Publiciste 
Parisien, which, after six numbers, became L'Ami du Peuple; 
Conventionnel and regicide; denounced the Girondins by pen and 
from the Tribune; victim of skin disease; he was in his evening bath 
at seven o'clock July 13, 1793, when Charlotte Corday obtained ad- 
mission and stabbed him to death; his house was 20 rue de Cor- 
deliers, near the rue de Paon, now — like Danton's house — 
demolished for the Boulevard St. Germain. The greatest honours 
were bestowed on his memory, and his heart was preserved in the 
Church of the Cordeliers, awaiting the almost divine honours at the 
Pantheon, Sept. 21, 1794. 

A. D. S., Paris, Sept. 14, 1792. 

272. JULIEN DE TOULOUSE (Jean). 

Protestant Minister at Toulouse when the Revolution began; 
Conventionnel and regicide. The present piece is of great interest. 
Jean Paul Marat was assassinated on July 13, 1793. The Com- 
mittee of General Surety on July 23 of the same month ordered 
that the papers of Marat, which had been under seal, should be 
brought to it, and that those relating to la Citoyenne Evrard, the 
woman with whom Marat had his home, should be given back to 
her. French law, then as now, placed seals on the effects of those 
dying by violence, but we read from this document a special desire 
on the part of some individuals to get possession of Marat's papers. 
The Englishman, Thomas Ward, declared that Marat had said to 



39 

him before his murder — There are 300< brigands in the Convention, 
their heads shall fly off. Marat had enemies on this Committee. 

D. S., July 23, 1793, as member of the above Committee. Signed 
also by Laignelot, Chabot and Drouet. 

273. ROMME (Gilbert). 

Original minutes in his hand concerning the honours of the 
Pantheon decreed by the Convention, and the proposition to install 
there the pictures of Marat and Lepeletier painted by David. The 
bust of Marat was placed in every public place, and in the Con- 
vention Hall itself. There was an end to the popularity of this 
Republican chieftain and, on Jan. 31, 1795, his busts were taken 
from the theatres and temples and thrown into the sewers. 

274. CORDAY DARMANS (Marie-Anne-Charlotte) . 

Guillotined at Paris, July 17, 1793. Living in the Calvados 
district (at Caen) she became inflamed with the public utter- 
ances of the Girondins who fled there after the events of May 31, 
1793. She formed the purpose of going to Paris and killing Marat, 
whom she regarded as the cause of her country's troubles. Reach- 
ing Paris, July 11, 1793, she sought, the following day, a deputy, 
Duperret, to whom she had a letter from Barbaroux. July 13, 
1793, in the Palais Royal, she bought a large knife, and at seven 
o'clock in the evening she went to the house of Marat and assassi- 
nated him. 

A. L. S., L'Abbaye de la Trinite, June 28, 1789. 

P. I. 

275. AMAR ( Jean-Baptiste-Andre ) . 

Conventionnel; regicide; one of the most bitter adversaries of 
the Girondins and the author of the decree against those who had 
fled. The present document is the original order of arrest, by the 
Committee of Public Safety, of Duperret, charged with being the 
accomplice of Charlotte Corday. 

D. S., July 14, 1793. 

276. DOULCET DE PONTECOULANT (Louis-Gustave). 

Conventionnel and Girondin, but voted against the King's death; 
opposed to the Commune of Paris. Charlotte Corday selected her 
fellow-townsman to defend her, but he refused, and. in the last 
letter she ever wrote — while the executioner was awaiting her — 
she addressed Doucet de Pontecoulant and declared him a coward. 
He was proscribed Oct. 3, 1793, but escaped. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 1, 1790. 

277. CHAUVEAU-LAGARDE ( Claude-Francois ) . 

Distinguished advocate; defended both Charlotte Corday and 
Marie Antoinette. 

A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 29, 1824. 

278. CALENDAR. 

The Public Instruction Committee of the Convention was charged 
with the work of presenting an entirely new calendar. Accord- 
ingly on the evening of Sept. 19, 1793, G. Romme, of the Com- 
mittee, made his report. The vulgar era was abolished and the 
year began with the autumnal equinox — Sept. 22. Each year was 
divided into 12 months of 30 days each, and each month into three 
weeks of 10 days each, or decadi. This left, between the ending of 
the year and the falling of the next equinox, five days and over. 
There were then added five days, called Complementary, or Sans- 
Coulottides, with a sixth at the end of every third year, as the 
old month February was accustomed to accommodate leap year. 
Fabre d'Eglantine, the poet, contributed the really beautiful nomen- 
clature of the months. The Convention declined, however, to 



40 

accept his further suggestion that the names of the days should be 
designated, one decadi by plants, another by vegetables, and the 
third by animals. After the fall of Robespierre an attempt was 
made to return to the old calendar, but it remained in official use 
until the Year XIV of the Republic, or 1806 of the old era. In 
many parts of France it was really never observed. 

YEAR ONE. 

[Years IV and VIII began on Sept. 23.] 

1 Vendemaire, Sept. 22, 1792. 1 Germinal, March 21, 1793. 

1 Brumaire, Oct. 22, 1792. 1 Floreal, April 20, 1793. 

1 Frimaire, Nov. 21, 1792. 1 Prairial, May 20, 1793. 

1 Nivose, Dec. 21, 1792. 1 Messidor, June 19, 1793. 

1 Phiviose, Jan. 20, 1793. 1 Thermidor, July 19, 1793. 

1 Ventose, Feb. 19, 1793. 1 Fructidor, Aug. 18, 1793. 
Complementary days, or Sansculottides, Sept. 17 to 21, 1793. 

279. LAKANAL (Joseph). 

Conventionnel and regicide; on May 31, 1793, he proposed that 
Communes having names suggestive of the old regime should be 
changed as, for instance, the City of Mont-Louis should become 
Mont-Libre, and to this the Convention agreed. On July 27, 1793, 
he reported in favor of the Chappe system of aerial telegraphy, hav- 
ing tested a line of signals from Menil-Montant to Saint-Martin-de- 
Tertre, eight and a half leagues, a message being transported in 
eleven minutes and returned in eight minutes. On Aug. 20, 1794, 
he proposed a jury to pass upon the best plan for marking time in 
the new decimal divisions — a day having ten hours, each hour 
a hundred minutes, each minute a hundred seconds. 

A. L. S., Aug. 30, 1841. 

280. DANTON ( Georges- Jacques ) . 

This piece is a letter written by Danton to Marie Antoinette at 
the Conciergerie. It came into the present collection from a Ducal 
house in France, the first Dtike receiving it from the hands of 
Louis XVIII in 1816. Louis XVIII received it — his police taking 
it by force — from Bonaventure Courtois, member of the Con- 
vention, who was appointed on the 10th thermidor, Year II (July 
28, 1794), to inventory and seal the effects of Maximilien Robe- 
spierre. Courtois found ten items of such extraordinary interest 
that he retained them himself as souvenirs, intending, as he says, 
to restore them to the Royal family if an opportunity ever occurred. 
These ten items are as follows : 

a. An unsigned letter from Marie Antoinette (the Queen seldom 
signed her personal letters) to Madame Elizabeth, written early on 
the morning of her execution (Oct. 16, 1793), and which is re- 
garded as her last will and testament. The letter has the same 
certifying signatures as our present piece. It is to-day preserved 
in the National Archives at the Hotel Soubise. 

6. A short note addressed to the Princesse Royale. It also is 
countersigned by the five Commissioners. 

c. A letter addressed to the President of the Convention asking 
a delay of three days. This letter was signed by the Queen, and 
likewise is countersigned by the Commissioners Fouquier, Lecoiutre, 
Massieu, Guffroy and Legot. 

d. Letter of a young lawyer, Marc-Antoine Martin, asking per- 
mission to defend the Queen. 

e. A letter addressed to Fouquier threatening and in bad style. 



41 

f. A manuscript report of the Queen's examination after the 
flight to Varennes. 

g. A kid glove having been worn by the Dauphin. 
h. A lock of the Queen's hair. 

i. A package of needles, threads, etc., used by the Queen in her 
embroidery. 

;'. This present piece. 

This letter, in English, reads thus : 

(Address) To Marie Antoinette, the former Queen of France, 
at the Conciergerie. 

Citizeness, you will place over your door these words — Unity, 
Indivisibility of the Republic — Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or 
Death. Signed Danton. 

There are two views to be taken of this interesting piece, the 
one is that Danton was endeavoring to aid the Queen in escaping 
either from her prison or from the extreme penalty contemplated 
by her enemies. If this letter was written — as a certain sign 
indicates — on Aug. 4, 1793, it was two days after her transfer 
from the Temple to the Conciergerie, and, at that time, Danton 
was President of the Convention. The second view is that Danton 
was trying to humiliate the Queen, as afterwards her enemies did, 
when they built the half-door in her cell that the proud Austrian 
neck should bend as it passed under the closed upper half. 

A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 4, 1793. 

P. I. 

281. LECOINTRE (Laurent) de Versailles. 

Conventionnel and regicide; the first witness called in the trial 
of the Queen, Oct. 14, 1792, testifying to the fact that he knew her, 
and to the orgies and feasts at Versailles from 1779 to 1789; he 
spoke particularly of the banquet to the Swiss Guards, Oct. 1, 1789; 
while Robespierre was presiding at the feast of the Supreme Being 
at the Tuileries Lecointre was overheard to repeatedly call him 
tyrant; member of the Committee of General Surety on the 9th 
thermidor; he went to a meeting between eight and nine o'clock 
in the evening to concert with Lavicomterie the arrest of Robe- 
spierre. It is his connection with this Committee which gives 
significance to his signature on the Danton letter to Marie An- 
toinette. On Aug. 29 Lecointre accused seven of the old mem- 
bers of the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of Gen- 
eral Surety, but without avail, and, on April 5, 1795, he himself 
was decreed in arrest. 

See No. 280. 

D. S. 

282. MASSIEU ( Jean-Baptiste) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. In explaining his vote in favor of 
the execution of the King, he said: I fear also not only the 
English guineas, but also the florins of Germany and the piastres 
of Spain. He was a Jacobin and supporter of Robespierre. Ap- 
pointed on the Committee of General Surety, he was one of its 
active members. In the summer of 1793, he was sent on a 
mission to Ardennes and the Army of the North. Here he 
so conducted himself that he was accused in the Convention, 
Aug. 9, 1795, of having carried the Terror and desolation into 
that region, and of having sent the Mayor of Sedan and many 
other public and private citizens to the guillotine. That same 
day he was arrested and confined until liberated by the amnesty 
of 4 Brumaire, Year IV (Oct. 26, 1795). 

See No. 280. 

D. S. 



42 

283. LEGOT (Alexandre). 

Advocate and legislator; conventionnel ; voted for the impris- 
onment of the King and not his death, thereby enrolling himself 
among his sixteen fellow-members from Calvados, who took the 
view that, guilty or not guilty, the King's execution would be a 
political mistake. Only four of the Calvados delegation voted for 
death without condition. Legot was appointed, on May 27, 1793, 
to go on the mission to the Army of the North. Elected to the 
Council of 500 and opposed the coup d'Etat of Nov. 8, 1799. 

See No. 280. 

D. S. 

284. GUFFROY ( Armand-Benoit- Joseph ) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. Guffroy becomes of importance 
in considering (No. 280) the letter of Danton to Marie Antoin- 
ette at the Conciergerie. On Aug. 24, 1794, he reported to the 
Convention that there had been found at the house of Robespierre 
many gifts presented to him. Without doubt Guffroy acted with 
Lecointre, Legot and Massieu in certifying to this letter of Danton. 

D. S. 

285. COURTOIS (Edmonde-Bonaventure). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He played a most important part 
on the 9th thermidor when he was directed to go to Robespierre's 
house, inventory and seal his papers. It was on this occasion 
that he found our piece No. 280, which he secretly retained for 
himself, and which he had taken from him in January, 1816, by 
the police of Louis XVIII. On Jan. 15, 1795, Courtois reported 
to the Convention the papers found by him — omitting the ten 
pieces privately retained by him, one of which is our No. 280. 
Courtois served in the Council of Ancients, to which he was 
elected Oct. 15, 1795. On the 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) he 
aided Bonaparte in his coup d'Etat. 

A. L. S. 

286. MANUEL (Louis-Pierre). 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 17, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide. Testified, reluctantly, at the Queen's trial that he heard 
the Royal order transmitted to fire on the people at the Tuileries, 
Aug. 10, 1792. 

A. L. S., Nov. 9, 1792. 

2S7. PACHE (Jean-Nicolas). 

Elected Mayor of Paris by an overwhelming majority. It was 
he who separated Marie Antoinette and her son by order of the 
Convention. Joined with Hebert in presenting the infamous 
declaration against Marie Antoinette. In the trial of the Giron- 
dins he was the first and leading witness and gave the key to 
the spirit of the prosecution. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 24, 1793. 

P. 

288. DUPORT-DUTERTRE (Marguerite-Louis-Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 28, 1793. Advocate and legislator. 
Early in the Revolution he was made substitute Procureur Syndic 
of the Paris Commune, and while Bailly was Mayor he served 
him as Lieutenant. On Nov. 21, 1790, at the suggestion of 
Lafayette, he was appointed Minister of Justice. This office, in 
which he managed to make for himself many enemies, he relin- 
quished in March, 1792. On April 10, 1792, on Robespierre leaving 
the office, he was made Public Accuser of the Criminal Tribunal 
at Paris. He was accused, with Barnave, of having maintained 



43 

an alliance with. Royalty. They were condemned and executed 
the same day. As Dupont-Dutertre mounted the scaffold he 
exclaimed: Revolutions kill men; posterity judges them. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

289. MARIBON DE MONTAUT (Louis). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He opposed the Girondins, and 
it was on his motion that the accused were arrested and put 
into prison. It was he who decreed on Nov. 5, 1793, that the 
bust of Marat should he placed on the new decimal pedestal 
just presented. It was on this bust Armonville afterwards hung 
the bonnet rouge. On April 5, 1795, Legendre denounced him 
as a chief of the Jacobins, and declared that the Society was again 
raising its head. He was arrested May 21, 1795, but the amnesty 
released him. In the Restoration he was expatriated as a 
regicide. 

L. S., Paris, Dec. 22, 1792, as a member of the Committee of 
General Surety. 

290. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jean-Pierre). 

Conventionnel; voted for the death of the King, but with 
suspension of execution. This vote earned for Brissot, from the 
Mountain party, the title of Royalist. Proscribed June 2, 1793, 
and escaped, but was arrested at Moulins, June 11, and tried with 
twenty others Oct. 29, 1793, and guillotined two days later. 
A. L. S., Paris, May 22, 1789. 

P. I. 

291. VERGNIAUD (Pierre-Victurnien). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. The great orator of the 
Girondins; Conventionnel. With Gensonne and Gaudet, he was 
accused of writing to the King that he would be spared if he 
would rename Roland, Claviere and Servan as Ministers. His 
eloquence often prevailed over the judgment of the Convention. 
He was President of tha National Assembly Oct. 30, 1791. Jan. 
10, 1793, he was elected President of the Convention, and it was his 
duty formally to pronounce the sentence of death against the 
King. Vergniaud lived at No. 7 Place Vendome. 

D. S., Nov. 9, 1791. 

292. GENSONNE (Armand). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; famous Girondin. Besides being suspected of intriguing 
with the King's party, he was accused of correspondence with 
Dumouriez. On Oct. 3, 1793, he was accused by Amar. 

A. D. S., March 10, 1793. 

P. 

293. LAUZE DE PERRET (Claude-Romain). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Mayor of Saint-Etienne ; 
Deputy to the Legislative Assembly, Sept. 4, 1791. Conventionnel; 
voted for the King's imprisonment until Peace, and then his 
exile. Violent in disposition, at the session of April 11, 1793, 
he drew his sword on his colleagues of the Left. He acted with 
the Girondins. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 12, 1792. 

I. 

294. CARRA (Jean-Louis). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Employed in the Biblio- 
theque Nationale prior to and during the Revolution; he became, 
in 1789, editor of the Mercure National, and shortly after worked 



44 

with Mercier on the journal Annales Patriotiques. One of the 
chiefs in the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792. He was accused of 
trying to put the Duke of York (of England) on the, throne of 
France; Conventionnel; regicide. Friend of Roland, he became a 
strong Girondin, and was involved in intrigues with the national 
enemy, Brunswick, and the traitor, Dumouriez. Named by Amar 
among the 46 accused Deputies, Oct. 3, 1793. 
D. S., Feb. 15, 1791. 

295. GARDIEN ( Jean-Frangois-Martin) . 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. Voted in 
the trial of the King for imprisonment. He became, May 21, 
1793, a member of the famous Commission des Douze, which was 
formed to " discover plots and to examine the decrees of the 
municipality of Paris." On Nov. 23, 1792, he reported that in 
the iron receptacle in the Tuileries — ■ discovered by Poland — 
was a letter from the King to Bouille, approving of the massacre 
at Nancy. He was decreed under arrest with the other Girondins, 
the principal count against him being his service on the Com- 
mission des Douze. 

D. S., Paris, Nov. 22, 1792, as member of the Committee des 
Douze. 

296. DUFPICHE-VALAZE (Charles-Eleanor). 

Committed suicide at Paris, Oct. 30, 1793. Conventionnel. On 
Dec. 11, 1792, he reported the questions to be propounded to the 
King at his trial. Voted for the death of the King with reprieve. 
Tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal and condemned. Shortly 
before 11 o'clock on the night of Oct. 30, 1793, he killed himself 
with a poignard. The Tribunal decreed that his corpse should 
be carried in a cart to be interred with the other condemned 
Girondins. In the pictures of the Last Supper and the Procession 
his body lies on a bier. 

A. D. S., Jan. 3, 1793. 

P. I. 

297. DUPRAT (Jean). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide. Declared himself for the Girondins and denounced the 
Mount oAn. ' 'He ' sang the Marseillaise as the charrettes (guillo- 
tine carts) passed through the streets to the scaffold. 

L. S., Paris, Nov. 14, 1792. 

298. SILLERY (Charles-Alexis Brulart de Genlis). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Deputy from the Nobility 
to the Etats Generaux; joined the Assembly; was elected Secre- 
tary Feb. 14, 1791. Married to the daughter of Ducrest de 
Saint Aubin, he Avas known as the Comte de Genlis, but when 
he inherited the rich champagne vineyards of Sillery, he assumed 
the title of Marquis de Sillery — the brand of Sillery Champagne 
comes from his estates. Conventionnel, he became identified with 
the Girondins. Of the twenty-one condemned men, he was the 
oldest — fifty-six years of age, and the first to mount the scaffold. 

A. L. S., Paris, April 3, 1792. 

P. 

299. FAUCHET (Claude) Abbe. 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Entered the church and 
became Preacher to the King. At the beginning of the Revolution, 
he accepted and followed the new ideas. At the taking of the 
Bastille he led the assault with his sword. On the discovery of 
the ancient vaults and some bones, he declared it the " Day of 



45 

Revelation." Acted with the Girondins. Suspected of complicity 
with Charlotte Corday. Before their execution he confessed and 
absolved Silleiy and some of the others. 

A. L. S., June 14, 1793. 

P. 

300. DUCOS (Jean-Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regicide. 
Made Secretary of the Convention May 30, 1793 — the very day 
the tumult began between the Girondins and the Mountain. He 
became a supporter of Vergniaud and his party. Tried and con- 
demned — he was guillotined with the twenty others. In the 
pictures of the Last Supper of the Girondins and of the scenes 
at the scaffold, he is represented as embracing his brother-in-law, 
Fonfrede. 

D. S., Paris, Aug. 28, 1792. 

301. BOYER-FONFREDE ( Jean-Baptiste). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide. Active in the party of the Girondins and against the 
Mountain. He caused Marat to be tried before the Revolutionary 
Tribunal, April 23, 1793, but the latter was acquitted. He was 
accused of instigating the insurrection at Bordeaux, and was 
condemned with his brother-in-law, Ducos, and the other Giron- 
dins. He was one of the two youngest members of the immortal 
twenty-one. 

D. S. 

302. LASOURCE (Marie-David, Alba). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. On Aug. 31, 1791, he was 
elected to the Legislative Assembly, and in 1792 to the Conven- 
tion. On his motion, Jan. 16, 1792, Louis Stanislas-Xavier was 
debarred from the right of regency. It was also on his motion 
that Lafayette was accused, July 21, 1792. Regicide; member of 
the Committee of General Safety. Opposed to Robespierre, and 
was credited with sympathy with the Girondins. 

L. S., Paris, Jan. 28, 1793. 

P. I. 

303. LESTERPT-BEAUVAIS (Benoit). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Deputy from the Third 
Estate to the Etats Generaux. Conventionnel. Voted for the 
death of the King, but on the condition that sentence be suspended 
until such time as the enemies of France, excited by the King, 
should enter French uerritory. His moderation made him ob- 
noxious to the Mountain, and gradually he acted with the 
Girondins. 

A. L. S., Paris Sept. 8, 1793. 

P. 

304. LECAZE (Jacques). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. He voted 
for the imprisonment of the King instead of death. Marat 
demanded his arrest May 22, 1793, because there had been found 
a letter written him by Dufriche-Valaze" asking him to bring 
their friends to his house — a conspiracy to control the Convention 
being inferred. Perhaps this may be regarded as the beginning of 
the fall of the Girondins. 

D. S. 

305. LEHARDY (Pierre). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. He justified his name in 
speaking his mind fearlessly. Conventionnel. He declared, in 
explaining his position as to the King's punishment, that the 



46 

Convention could not act at one and the same time as accusers, 
judges and legislators. He then added: "If I considered the 
Convention in its capacity as judge, I should ask it to exclude at 
least sixty of its members." At the execution, Lehardy, as the 
knife was about to fall, cried Vive la Republique. 
D. S., Paris, Oct. 15, 1792. 

306. ANTIBOUL (Charles-Louis). 

Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. In the 
trial of the King he voted for detention, but he so expressed his 
sentiments, or, rather, failed to express himself by his conditional 
vote, that it was declared void — the only member to have that 
distinction. Became implicated with the Girondins. 

L. S., Toulon, Aug. 27, 1792. 

307. ROLAND (Jean-Marie) de la Platiere. 

Killed himself at Bourg-Boudouin, Nov. 15, 1793. He affiliated 
with the Jacobin Club, and at the beginning of 1792 both he 
and Bosc were Secretaries of the Club. He was made Minister 
of the Interior on March 23, 1792. After the 10th of Aug., 1792, 
he drew further away from the Mountain party, and proposed 
moving the seat of government to Blois. He became a member 
of the Convention, resigning the Ministry Jan. 23, 1793. Accused, 
March 31, he escaped to Rouen. On hearing of his wife's death, 
he stabbed himself with a sword-cane. 

A. L. S., to Bosc. 

P. I. 

308. ROLAND (Manon-Jeanne-Phlipon) Madame. 

Born at Paris, March 17, 1754; guillotined at Paris, Nov. 8, 1793. 
When she was 26 she married Roland, then 48 years of age. In 
1791, coming to Paris, she opened her salon, where congregated 
some of the most influential members of the Assembly and after- 
ward of the Convention, forming the party of the Girondins. 
She was called the " soul " of that party in its contest against 
the Mountain and the Paris Commune; she was arrested May 
13, 1793, and imprisoned in the Abbay6; on June 24 she was 
placed in Saint Pelagie, and on Oct. 31 she was taken to the 
Conciergerie ; she was tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal on 
Nov. 8, 1793, and condemned; executed the same day; in passing 
the statue of Liberty, on the site where once stood that of Louis 
XV, she exclaimed: Liberie, comme on t'a jouee! 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 

309. BIROTTEAU ( Jean-Bonaventure-Blaise-Hilarion). 

Guillotined at Bordeaux, Oct. 24, 1793. Conventionnel; on 
March 9, 1793, he opposed the instituting of the Revolutionary 
Tribunal ; compromised with the Girondins ; he fled on June 2, 
1793, first to Lyons and then to Bordeaux, where he was arrested 
and tried. 

D. S., Oct. 15, 1792. See 305. 

310. BUZOT (Francois-Nicolas-Leonard). 

Conventionnel and regicide. Joined himself to the Girondin 
party, perhaps from his intimacy with the Rolands. The rela- 
tions between him and Madame Roland have been much discussed, 
and their correspondence indicates a closer alliance than mere 
Platonic friendship. He was proscribed and escaped. His body, 
in a mangled condition, was found in the woods near Magre. 

A. L. S. 



47 

311. BOSC (Louis-Augustin-Guillaume) . 

Famous botanist and friend of Madame Roland. He was pro- 
scribed with the Girondins. When Madame Roland was arrested, 
he took faithful charge of her only child. He fled to the forests 
of Montmorency, and was able not only to conceal himself, but 
others of the hunted Conventionnels, among them Revelliere- 
Lepeaux. When the latter entered the Directory, he remembered 
his old friend, and sent him as Consul to the United States, first 
to Wilmington and then to New York. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

312. GAUDET (Marguerite-Elie) . 

Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 15, 1794. Conventionnel; voted 
for the death of the King with reprieve. Gaudet identified himself 
with the Girondins and attacked Danton. When defeated, he fled 
to the Calvados. 

D. S., Paris, Jan. 27, 1792. 

313. BARBAROUX ( Charles- Jean-Marie ) . 

Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. Conventionnel; he 
attacked the Mountain, but united with that party in voting 
for the death of the King. After May 31, 1793, he fled to Nor- 
mandy and to the Calvados, where he concealed himself with 
Buzot and Potion. He first wounded himself by a pistol shot, but 
was captured and carried to Bordeaux. He was the youngest of 
the Girondins. 

A. D. S. See 193. 

314. LOUVET DE COUVRAI ( Jean Baptiste ) . 

Conventionnel; he attacked in turn, Marat, Danton and Robes- 
pierre; he voted for the death of the King on the condition that 
the execution should be postponed until the French people should 
have accepted the Constitution; he fled to Caen, but survived the 
Terror. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1797. See 47. 

P. 

315. CLAV1ERE (Etienne). 

Committed suicide at Paris, Dec. 8, 1793. Conventionnel; he 
joined the Girondin party, and on March 23, 1792, was made 
Minister for Public Contributions under Roland; after Aug. 10, 
1792, he took the portfolio of Finance; after the fall of his 
friends, the Girondins, he was arrested, and for six months was 
in the Conciergerie ; when about to be tried he killed himself 
with a knife. 

L. S., Paris, Oct. 8, 1792. 

316. CONDORCET ( Marie- Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat). 

Killed himself at Bourg-la-Reine, March 29, 1794. On Feb. 21, 
1782, he was admitted member of the French Academy; in 1788 
he formed, with Brissot, Mirabeau, Claviere and others, the 
Society of Amis des Noirs; Conventionnel; on May 4, 1791, he 
read before the Academy of Sciences his paper on adopting the 
metre as a unit of measure; on March 26, 1793, he was placed 
on the newly formed Commission of Public Safety; he was 
denounced by Chabot, July 8, 1793; he escaped and concealed 
himself for nine months at the home of the widow of the Sculptor 
Vernet; to relieve her of embarrassment, he left on the morning 
of March 24, 1794, and wandered in the country until he was 
arrested at Bourg-la-Reine, and on March 29 he was found dead 
in his cell from poison. 

A. L. S., 1792. 

P. I. 



48 

317. KERVHLEGAN ( Augustin-Bernard-Frangois Legoazre de). 

Conventionnel ; voted for the imprisonment of the King; he 
joined the Girondins; he was on the Commission Extraordinaire 
des Douze to examine the decrees of the Paris Commune; arrested 
June 2, 1793, he was permitted to remain in his own home under 
guard, in the Rue des Samt-Peres; he escaped to Finistere and 
remained in hiding until after the 9 thermidor; he subsequently 
was elected first to the Council of the Ancients on Oct. 14, 1795 — 
where he became Secretary — and on April 16, 1799, to the 
Council of 500. 

A. L. S., 

318. JARY (Francois- Joseph). 

Conventionnel; member of the Committee of General Surety; 
at the trial of the King he voted for his imprisonment; on Oct. 
4, 1793, he was proscribed among the 73 Conventionnels who had 
signed the protest in favor of the Girondins ; he was imprisoned 
in La Force and then at Madelornettes, being released only after 
9th thermidor; he was elected on Oct. 12, 1795, to the Council 
of 500. 

D. S., Nort, April 30, 1795. 

319. SALLE (Jean Baptiste). 

Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 20, 1794. Conventionnel; he 
first suggested in the trial of the King the idea of an appeal to the 
people; he became compromised with the Girondins and fled; he 
was arrested at Bordeaux June 19, 1794. 

A. L. S. 

320. MACHENA, J. 

A Spanish sympathizer with the Revolution and friend of Brissot; 
proscribed with the Girondins; he was arrested Oct. 8, 1793, at 
Bordeaux, whither he had fled from Calvados. 

A. L. S. He survived the Terror. 

321. GRANGENEUVE ( Jean-Antoine-Lafargue de). 

Conventionnel; he made an excellent argument on Jan. 16, 1793, 
in the trial of the King against the right of the Convention to 
judge and condemn an individual who had been formally dethroned 
five months before; he added that many of the members were ren- 
dered incapacitated as jurors and judges from having repeatedly 
expressed themselves in a manner and of sentiments incompatible 
with impartiality; he voted for the detention of the King; shortly 
before the 10th August, 1792, he had expressed himself bitterly 
against royalty and said he would kill himself willingly if that act 
would arouse the people against the Court; he was proscribed with 
the Girondins, but escaped; discovered at Bordeaux, he was tried by 
a Military Tribunal Dec. 21, 1793, and guillotined. 

D. S., Aug. 28, 1792. See 300. 

322. PARE (Jules-Francois). 

Chief clerk to Danton when the latter was advocate to the 
King's Council. He was himself Minister of the Interior, suc- 
ceeding Garat. Hebert denounced him as a new Roland, and the 
Robespierre party denounced him as a Dantonist. 

L. S. 

323. HEBERT ( Jacques-Ren6) . 

Guillotined March 24, 1794. In 1790 began to appear his jour- 
nal known as Pere Duchesne. In July, 1791, with others of the 
Cordeliers, he signed the public petition for the dethronement of 
the King. He was active on Aug. 10, 1792, and on Dec. 22, 1792, 
he was elected one of the substitutes of the Mayor. Bitter against 
the Girondins, there Avas organized a party called the Hebertistes, 
after their chief. It was composed of the active figures of the 



49 

Paris Commune, such as Chaumzette, Pache, Momoro, Bourchotte 
and others. He had a miserable part in the trial of Marie 
Antoinette in concerting with Simon the charge against her. 
HSbert and eighteen others were condemned on March 24, 1794, for 
conspiring against liberty. 

L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793. See No. 42. 

P. I. 

324. CLOOTS ( Jean-Baptiste de) Baron. 

Guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. Cloots and Thomas Paine 
are often associated as foreigners, both anxious to promote Re- 
publican ideas, but both were misunderstood by the French. Cloots 
had the advantage over Paine as he spoke and wrote the French 
language. Arrived in Paris about 1776, Cloots soon met Voltaire, 
Rousseau, Franklin and Diderot. Their influence aroused in him 
a desire for liberty. On June 19, 1790, he appeared before the bar 
of the Assembly, having a delegation of foreign sympathizers called 
the Embassy of the Human Race. At this time he assumed the 
name of Anacharsis. With Priestly, Wilberforce and Clarkson 
from England, Washington, Hamilton, Paine and Madison from 
America, on Aug. 26, 1792, he received the title of French citizen. 
He is said to have persuaded Gobel to abjure his religion, and this 
act gave strength to the charge Robespierre brought against him 
of atheism. 

D. S. 

325. LAVOISIER ( Antoine-Laurent ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, May 8, 1794. Celebrated chemist. When 
twenty-six years of age he was elected to the Academy of Sciences 
for his successes in chemistry. During the twenty-five years of 
his connection with that body he published no less than ninety 
pamphlets, nearly all announcing some great discovery. In June, 
1768 — it is claimed, to have more independence and time for his 
studies — he obtained a position in the fermier general, which 
had become at the time of the Revolution the most hated institu- 
tion in the kingdom. He had particularly to do with the items 
of tobacco, powder, etc.. It is said to have been at his suggestion 
that Colonne built the wall and octrois around the city, remnants 
of which may yet be seen at Pare Monceaux and in the Place de la 
Nation. It was his connection with the fermier general — abolished 
by the Legislative Assembly in March 20, 1791 — that made him 
unpopular. He gave every sign of accepting Revolutionary ideas, 
serving in the National Guards, and on May 31, 1793, he was in 
command of the Batallion of Piques at the Place de la Revolution 
— on the very spot where a year later he was to lose his head. 
He was included in the list of twenty-eight fermiers gdneraux May 
4, 1794, and condemned on May 8 — all being executed on the 
same day. He asked an interval of fifteen days in which to com- 
plete some important experiments, but those are believed to relate 
to a uniform system of weights and measures he had been con- 
sidering rather than some chemical discovery vital to humanity. 
The legendary reply of Coffinhall may or may not have been made — 
" The Republic has no need of savants." 

A. L. S., Paris, March 4, 1783. 

P. 

326. SCHNEIDER (Eulogy). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 1, 1794. German priest; at the 
beginning of the Revolution he was a Professor of Belles-lettres at 
the University of Bonn; he fled to Strasburg and became a Con- 
stitutional Bishop; soon after he renounced the functions of his 
office to act as Public Accuser before the Revolutionary Tribunal 
at Strasburg. When the Representatives of the Convention, Saint- 



50 

Just and Lebas, reached the scenes of his revolting cruelty they 
arrested him and made him stand in a pillory on the scaffold for 
four hours. So great were the excesses of this man in sending 
people to the guillotine that it revolted even the Paris populace 
and he was condemned and executed the 12 germinal, Year II. 
A. L. S., Bonn, April 18, 1790. 

327. DANTON ( George- Jacques ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. In 1785 he established him- 
self at Paris in the law; he was active in the events of July 14 
and Oct. 5, 1789. Chosen elector from the Department of Paris, in 
1790, he became active in municipal matters and one of the leaders 
in the Club of the Cordeliers. He largely organized the movement 
of Aug. 10, 1792, and in company with Rossignol he arrested, with 
his own hand, Mandat, who had succeeded Lafayette as Commander 
of the National Guard. After the taking of the Tuileries he was 
named Minister of Justice. His whole influence was directed 
toward building up the Communal strength of Paris — which was 
afterward to destroy him and his party and to inaugurate the 
Terror. The popular enrolment of Volunteers at the Champ de 
Mars was due to his influence. His responsibility for the Massacre 
of Sept. 2, 1792, cannot be ignored, notwithstanding that the 
French Republicans of to-day have exalted him beyond any other 
character of the Revolution. In April, 1793, he was named on the 
first Committee of Public Safety. He displayed remarkable energy 
and skill in raising and equipping an army of 400,000 men which 
subdued internal difficulties and drove hostile forces from the 
frontiers. In May, 1793, he began to realize the danger to the 
country in the Commune of Paris, in the power of Marat, Hebert, 
and the like, and urged the National Convention to subordinate 
the City to the State. After the fall of the Girondins the contest 
was between him and Robespierre. Secret intrigues were organized 
against him, but when he spoke at the Jacobin Club, early in 1794, 
the struggle became public. Danton was arrested on the night of 
March 30, 1794, and the following day St. Just presented his re- 
markable arraignment accusing Danton of having conspired, first 
with Mirabeau, then with d'Orleans, then with Durnouriez, and 
finally with the Girondins, against liberty. Tried by the Revolu- 
tionary Tribunal ; in response to the question : " Your name and 
residence ? " Danton said : " My residence will soon be nowhere ; 
my name you will find in the Pantheon of History." 

D. S,, Paris, Sept. 7, 1792. See also 280 and 334. 

P. I. 

328. DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoit) . 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. 

Schoolmate of Robespierre's in the College of Louis-le-Grand, at 
Paris; in 1781 he entered the law. On July 14, 1789, he was in 
the crowd attacking the Bastille. Engaged in Journalistic work 
he identified himself with the Club of the Cordeliers. When Danton 
entered the Ministry he became one of the Secretaries. He was 
chosen with Danton to represent Paris in the Convention, Sept., 
1792. On March 10, 1793, he was named on the Commission of 
Public Safety. Perhaps more than Danton, Desmoulins led the 
attack on the Paris Commune. On April 1, 1794, he was tried 
as an accomplice. At the foot of the scaffold he tried to embrace 
Danton who, when the executioners sought to prevent, exclaimed: 
Fools, you cannot prevent our heads meeting in the basket. 

See Nos. 39 and 147. 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 



51 

329.. DESMOULINS (Anne-Lucile-Philippe Laridon Duplessis). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. Wife of Camille Des- 
moulins. They were married on Dec. 29 ,1790, and among the wit- 
nesses were Robespierre, P6tion, Mercier and Brissot. Part of 
their married life was spent at No. 1 Place de l'Odeon. On April 
4, 1794, Lucile was arrested by order of the Committee of Public 
Safety, to which order was appended the name of Robespierre. 
She was placed in the prison of Saint Pelagie and condemned and 
executed nine days after. 

A. D. 

P. 

330. DUPLESSIS (Anne-Francoise-Marie Boisdeveix. laridon). 

The mother of Lucile Desmoulins and with whom Camille was 
said to have been in love when first he came to Paris. When 
Lucile was in the prison awaiting her execution Madame Dupessis 
wrote an urgent note to Robespierre, to which no answer ever came. 

A. D. 

331. FABRE D'EGLANTINE (Philippe-Francois-Nazaire) . 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Poet and member of the 
Convention. Competing in the Floral Games at the Academy of 
Toulouse he won the prize of the Eglantine d'Or, adding the flower 
henceforth to his surname. Dwelling in the quarter of the Cor- 
deliers in Paris he identified himself with the Club of Cordeliers 
and with Danton. His most important work in the Convention 
was in relation to the Revolutionary Calendar. He composed the 
sonorous and descriptive names of the months and divisions of 
time. (See No. 278.) He was condemned and executed with 
Danton. 

A. L. S., Geneva, March 20, 1783. 

P. 

332. BASIRE (Claude). 

Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. Conventionnel. 
He voted for the abolishment of Royalty and for death to any 
one who attempted to re-establish it. Opposed to the Girondins 
he tried to save them and thus earned the enmity of the Jacobins. 

A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 2, 1792. 

333. HERAULT DE SECHELLES ( Marie- Jean ) . 

Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. Influenced by 
the writings of Diderot and the Encyclopedists he threw himself 
into the Revolution with enthusiasm. Conventionnel and regicide. 
It was he who presented, July 11, 1792, the famous report la patrie 
en danger. He aided the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, and sup- 
ported Danton in all his plans. He had an important part in 
forming the Constitution of 1793, having been a member of the 
Committee of Public Safety. The present letter is a pathetic 
appeal to his old fellow members of the Convention to give him a 
hearing. 
A. L. S., Luxembourg Prison, March 20, 1794. 

334. DELACROIX (Jean-Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Advocate and Procureur 
General. Aug. 28, 1791, elected deputy to the Legislative Assem- 
bly. In the events of Aug. 10, 1792, he was one of Danton's chief 
aids. On Sept. 4, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. He was 
on a mission to Dumouriez when the trial of the King began, but 
returning to Paris he voted for the King's death. Member of the 
Committee of Public Safety; he opposed the Girondins; and after 
their fall he was an object of enmity to the Jacobins. 

D. S., 1793. 



52 

335. ESPAGNAC (Marc-Rene Sahuguet) Abbe d'. 

Guillotined at Paris with Danton, April 5, 1794. Friend and 
agent of Calonne. Contractor for the Armies of the Alps and of 
Belgium. He was an active member of the Jacobins, being elected 
Secretary June 3, 1790. The members of the Club continually 
put him upon the defensive in the matter of his army contracts. 
On Jan. 21, 1793, a member accused him of corresponding with the 
Emigres and with an agent of the Comte d'Artois. He was charged, 
when tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal April 1, 1794, with 
shameless speculations. 

A. L. S., Versailles, May 24, 1777. 

336. GUZMAN (Andre-Marie) Comte de. 

Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. A Spaniard 
and a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Commune of 
Paris. Accused before the Revolutionary Tribunal of fraud in 
connection with the affairs of the Company of the Indies, a witness 
said he had passed himself for a German Baron under the name 
of Defrey. 

A. L. S., Brussels, Oct. 17. 1783. 

337. WESTERMANN (Francois- Joseph). 

Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. He went to Paris in May, 
1792, and identified himself with Danton. On the famous Aug. 
10, 1792, he was at the head of the Revolutionary sections; he 
served under Dumouriez and had a command in the Vendee; going 
to Paris in April, 1793, he was arrested, tried and released; he 
was not at first proscribed with the Dantonists, but on April 4 was 
tried and condemned, being executed with Danton at 5 : 30 p. M., 
April 5, 1794, on the Place de la Revolution. 

A. L. S., to Gen. Marceau, Dec. 16, 1793. 

D. S. Communication of Camus, Archivist, July 5, 1799, 
copying the minutes of the National Convention, showing that 
Westermann had not been convicted in May, 1793. 

P. 

338. CHABOT (Francois). 

Guillotined April 5, 1794. Conventionnel and regicide; Capucin 
priest before the Revolution. In a speech at the session of Sept. 
7, 1792, he said: " Le Citoyen Jesus-Christ etait le premier sans- 
culotte du monde entiere." He was on the secret Revolutionary 
Committee which brought about the events of Aug. 10, 1792; at 
the trial of the Girondins he was one of the chief accusera; he 
was guillotined with Danton. 

A. L. S., Rodez, Oct. 8, 1788. 

339. MARCEAU (Francois-Severin). 

Killed at Altenkerchen, Sept. 20, 1796; illustrious soldier; he 
took part in the attack on the Bastille; made Commander of a 
battalion of volunteers July 12, 1792, he was sent to Lafayette 
just as that General was deserting his army. Marceau cried out 
to the soldiers, who were in a panic and uncertain as to their 
duty, Otir country before our Generals. In the prolonged Ven- 
deen war no general officer attracted more attention by his daring 
and courage than the youthful Marceau; he stopped another 
military panic at Saumur, and at the battle of Dol saved the 
life of Westermann. Kleber then said of him that for coolness 
and quickness and courage there was no other General like him, 
and he surnamed him " the Lion." He was shot in the enemies' 
country while reconnoitering on the third complementary day of 
the Year IV — Sept. 19, 1796 — dying the following day; he was 



53 

buried near Coblentz, where one year after, to a day, his friend 
Hoche was interred in the same grave. 

A. L. S., July 2, 1796. 

P. I. 

340. KLEBER ( Jean-Baptiste) . 

Assassinated at Cairo (Egypt), June 14, 1800. Famous sol- 
dier; after studying in a military school in Munich, he served in 
the Austrian army from 1776 to 1783; entering the French 
army, he became, Jan. 8, 1792, Adjutant Major, and having 
distinguished himself at the siege of Mayence, he was named Chief 
of Brigade Aug. 17, 1793, and soon after General; it was in this 
position he made his campaign of the Vendee; he had endeared 
himself to the Republicans in the National Convention, Saint- 
Just praising his military talents; K16ber followed Bonaparte 
to Egypt, where he met his death. 

A. L. S., April 21, 1790. 

P. I. ■ 

341. DAMPIERRE (Auguste-Marie-Henri-Picot) Comte de. 

Entered the army as ensign at the age of seventeen years; on 
Sept. 7, 1792, he was promoted to be Marechal de Camp, and on 
May 8, 1793, he rose to be Lieutenant General, and on April 
4 following to be Commander in Chief of the Armies of the 
North. His death occurred through his defense of the region 
near where this document was written. 

D. S., Valenciennes, April 5, 1793. 

P. 

342. VALENCE (Jean-Baptiste-Cyrus-Marie- Adelaide de Thimbrune) 

Comte de. 

Soldier and legislator ; Deputy-alternate from the Nobility 
to the Etats Generaux. It was he who, in the name of the French 
army, arranged with Gen. de Courbiere, in the name of the King 
of Prussia, for the capitulation of Verdun by the Russians to the 
French, and for the entrance therein of Gen. Kellermann. 

The present piece is the last article of this capitulation, and is 
signed by both parties. On Sept. 27, 1792, Verdun had been 
taken by the Prussians and even now the French were to hold 
it only to Oct. 13 — so uncertain is border warfare. On the 
evening of April 5, 1793, he fled with Dumouriez and the unfortu- 
nate Dampierre was installed in the latter's place. Valence, with 
Dumouriez, went to England, whence, at the suggestion of Pitt, 
they departed soon after, Valence going to America. 

D. S., Oct. 12, 1792. 

343. CUSTINE (Adam-Philippe) Comte de. 

Guillotined at Paris, Aug. 28, 1793. Soldier and legislator; he 
fought in the American army with Roehambeau; Deputy from 
the Nobility to the Etats Generaux, where he advocated Revolu- 
tionary reforms; on Oct. 6, 1791, he was promoted to be Lieutenant 
General, and sent to the Army of the Rhine; he wrote a letter 
in which he suggested a military dictator; for this he earned 
the enmity of the Movmtain ; he was named, however, General in 
Chief of the Army of the North, to replace Dampierre, but was 
called back to Paris and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal. 

L. S., Strasburg, May 28, 1792, to Gen. Dumouriez. 

P. 

344. PICHEGRU (Jean-Charles) General. 

Soldier and legislator; destined for the church, he entered the 
artillery branch of the army when twenty-one years of age; he 
adopted Republican ideas and was sent to the Army of the 



54 

Rhine; under him the French forces were universally successful, 
sweeping through the Low Countries and entering Amsterdam 
Jan. 19, 1795; his enemies accused him of permitting the Aus- 
trians some small successes, and he was replaced by Moreau in 
1796; he was elected to the Council of 500 in 1796, and became 
President on May 20, 1797; in his legislative capacity he sided 
with the counter-revolutionists; involved in intrigue, he waa 
arrested Sept. 4, 1797, and deported to Sinnamari, whence he 
escaped to London, and while there and in Germany conspired 
against the Republic ; he was accused of conspiring with Cadoudal 
to assassinate the First Consul, and when he secretly entered 
Paris he was arrested and taken to the Temple. On April 6, 1804, 
he was found dead, having been strangled the night before in 
such a manner as to indicate murder. Barras declared that 
Bonaparte caused his death. 

A. L. S., from Headquarters, Army of the Rhine, to Gen. Hoehe, 
Nov. 8, 1793. 

P. I. 

345. LAJOLAIS (Frederic-Michel-Frangois-Joseph). 

Entered upon a military career in 1778; he was made aide de 
camp to Gen. Kellermann Sept. 20, 1791, and sent to the Army 
of the Rhine, where he identified himself with Gen. Pichegru 
and was compromised with him; he was arrested, tried and 
acquitted, but refused reinstatement; passing over to England, 
he was involved in the schemes of Pichegru; he was condemned 
to death May 31, 1804; Napoleon commuted the sentence, and 
imprisoned him first in the Chateau de Joux and then in the 
Chateau d'If. 

A. L. S., Strasburg, Nov. 28, 1798. 

346. HOUCHARD (Jean-Nicolas). 

Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 17, 1793. Entered the army in 1755, 
and Oct. 15, 1791, he was appointed aide de camp to Custine; 
On Dec. 1, 1792, he was promoted to be marechale de camp; on 
Dec. 9, 1792, Gen. Custine, from the camp by Mayence, wrote 
home to the Convention Houchard has stopped 12,000 of the enemy 
toith only 2,000. On May 13, 1793, his appointment as Com- 
mander of the Army of the Rhine was announced; he was pro- 
moted one more step on Aug. 1, 1793, and the Army of the 
Ardennes, as well as that of the North, was given to him. The 
Representative Levasseur wrote home from Lille, Aug. 25, 1793, 
that he was satisfied Houchard would protect the French territory 
from the English descent at Dunkerque. He announced, under 
date of Sept. 10, 1793, the victory of Hondschoote and the raising 
of the siege of Dunkerque; exactly two weeks more, and Houchard 
was deprived of his command, arrested, charged by Billaud- 
Varennes and others with betraying his country and with encour- 
aging the enemy; it was charged that he had been in correspond- 
ence with the Duke of York; he was placed in the Conciergerie, 
and Beugnot, who saw him there, thus describes him : " He was 
six feet high, with the step of a savage, a ferocious look from 
his eyes; a piece of shell had displaced his mouth, drawing up 
one corner of his left ear; his upper lip had been cut in twain 
by a sabre blow; his nose had been injured, and two other sword- 
wounds had left two parallel lines of cuts upon his right cheek." 
But the Revolutionary Tribunal, with absolutely no proof and 
only very distant suspicions, condemned this hero of France to 
die on the scaffold, and he was guillotined on the Place de la 
Revolution. 

A. L. S., Jan. 7, 1793. 

P. 



55 

347. KELLERMANN (Franeois-Cristophe) Due de Valmy. 

Soldier and Marechal of France; on Sept. 20, 1792, he fought 
and won the battle of Valmy, which history records as one of 
the decisive battles of the world, and which drove the foreign 
enemy from France. The victory was of the greatest importance 
to the Republicans of France. He was accused before the Con- 
vention of not having followed up his successes by going over 
into German territory; he was acquitted; then, going into the 
south, he was employed against Lyons; shortly after being 
accused before the Convention, he was imprisoned in the Abbaye 
for thirteen months; when released, he was given command 
of 47,000 men, and stopped, at Provence, the advance of 150,000 
Austrians; Napoleon made him Marechale in 1804; in his last 
will he devised that his heart might be buried on the field of 
Valmy. 

A. L. S., Strasburg, Sept. 11, 1788. 

P. I. 

348. HOCHE (Lazare). 

Son of a hostler, he entered the army in 1784; an indefatigable 
worker, he received rapid promotion, and in Dec, 1793, he was 
named Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Moselle; he fought 
vigorously and successfully against the Austrians, but his fame 
has always been affected by his treatment of the Vendeens, and 
his execution of Chaumette, their leader. The proposed invasion 
of Ireland was to have been conducted by Hoche, but the expedition 
failed in Bantry Bay to make a landing. He is believed to 
have died from a cold, but there were rumours of poison. 

A. L. S., March 17, 1796. 

P. I. 

349. DUGOUMIER (Jacques-Coquille, dit). 

Killed on Montagne Noire, Nov. 17, 1794. Heroic soldier; 
entered the military service in Guadaloupe, and when the Revo- 
lution began became its strong advocate; he declined to go to the 
Convention, to which he was elected Sept. 1792, and pursued his 
military career in France; he was one of the defenders of Toulon. 
It was he who drove from the last piece of French territory the 
defeated Spaniards; he was killed at the fight of Saint-Sebastien. 

L. S., April 28, 1794. 

P. 

350. AUDOUIN (Francois-Xavier). 

Conventionnel and regicide; he was appointed to go to the 
Departments of Deux-Sevres and the Vendue as the Commissioner 
of the Executive power, and it was his report on the beginning 
of this insurrection in the Vendee, Oct. 13, 1792, which irritated 
the Convention, and largely led to its attitude of vengeance. The 
Vendue had been created a Department Jan. 15, 1790, but the 
term, in the insurrection and war which followed, covers the 
territory south of the river Loire, from the Atlantic well to 
the eastward. It was almost the one region in France where 
the feudal system seemed bearable, the seigneurs being kind and 
decent and the peasants and small farmers being happy. 

D. S., Paris, Sept. 19, 1793. 

351. LEFEBVRE, DE LA CHALVIERE (Julien). 

Born in 1757; died in 1816. Elected to the Convention Sept. 
5, 1792, he voted with the moderates in the trial of the King, 
expressing the opinion that he should be deported; on March 17, 
1793, he called the attention of the Convention to the condition of 
public affairs at Nantes and along the Loire, where the priests 



56 

and emigres were creating insurrections; he proposed that all who 
abetted or hindered recruiting for the Republican army should be 
sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal; he thus announced the 
beginning of those troubles which ended only with the submission 
of the Vendee. 

L. S., July 11, 1795. 

352. LAIGNELOT ( Joseph-Frangois) . 

Conventionnel and regicide; on Nov. 8, 1793, he was sent on 
a mission to the Vendee; he declared to the Convention on Sept. 
29, 1794, the existence of a sentiment that the inhabitants of the 
Vendee should be transplanted and their lands bestowed on 
patriots; he criticises Carrier, who is sitting in the Convention 
with him at the time, and recommends sending representatives 
to the Vendee who will not " always kill," but be just and humane 
while also severe; he says while there, orders were received to 
burn 60 Communes in that region — and he intimates that it 
was not the Convention which issued this order. 

D. S,, See July 14, 1793. See 275. 

353. AUBERT DU BAYET ( Jean-Baptiste-Annibal) . 

Soldier and legislator; he served under Lafayette in America; 
he was elected President of the Assembly on July 8, 1792, having 
served as Vice President the preceding term; he returned to his 
regiment and fought under Kellermann at Volmy. During the 
Presidency of Danton, Aug. 1, 1793, Aubert du Bayet appeared 
accompanied by four officers and reported the condition of the 
armies of the North, then in Germany, and asked permission to 
go to attack the Vendeens. The President gave him the accolarde 
— the fraternal kiss. 

A. L. b., Paris, April 15, 1795. 

P. 

354. MOURAIN (Pierre). 

Killed at Bourgneufen-Retz, March 24, 1793. Deputy to the 
Legislative Assembly in 1791; he had been Mayor and Adminis- 
trator in his native town. In the early days of the Vendee 
struggle, in a fight between the Revolutionists and the Royalists, 
he was killed by the latter. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 31, 1792. 

355. CHALIER ( Marie- Joseph ) . 

Guillotined at Lyons, July 16, 1793. Merchant in Lyons in 
1789, he took an active part in promulgating Republican ideas; 
he greatly admired Marat, whom he took for his model; he 
became the President of the Revolutionary Tribunal. The reac- 
tionary party in Lyons took up arms against the Revolutionary 
party, against the Convention and its representatives. Almost 
their first act was to arrest Chalier, set up a popular Tribunal 
and, after a short trial, condemn him to death. On the Place des 
Terreaux, where the scaffold was erected, he addressed the multi- 
tude, and shortly after four o'clock, on Tuesday, July 16, 1793, 
the axe fell, it requiring three strokes of the unskilled executioner 
to sever the head. His death created a great sensation in Paris, 
and the Convention decreed him the honours of the Pantheon. 
His bust and mutilated head were sent to Paris, Dec. 1, 1793, by 
Collot d'Herbois and Fouche, members of the Convention. 

A. L. S., Lyons, April 8, 1791. 

P. I. 

356. COLLOT d'HERBOIS ^ Jean-Marie). 

Dramatic artist and author before the Revolution; he was active 
in the Commune during Aug. 10, 1792, and on Sept. 6, of the same 



57 

year, he was elected member of the Convention; he opposed the 
Girondins and was allied to the Hebertistes; on June 13, 1793, 
he was made President of the Convention; he accepted a mission 
to execute the decree of the Convention on Barere's motion — 
the City of Lyons shall be destroyed. Accordingly he inaugurated 
a reign of terror in that district; there and in the Convention he 
eulogized the memory of Chalier; accused of complicity with 
Robespierre, he escaped death, and was deported to Cayenne. 

A. D. S., Paris, April 16, 1791. . 

P. I. 

357. CAVAIGNAC ( Jean-Baptiste). 

Conventionnel and regicide; on Jan. 9, 1793, he proposed that 
the inhabitants and municipality of Verdun should be punished; 
he was placed on the Committee of General Surety April 9, 1793; 
sent on a mission to the Armies of the Pyrenees Occidentales, 
he instituted tribunals, set up guillotines, and wrote back to 
the Convention that " daily the heads of the Aristocrats roll into 
the basket." 
D. S. See 452. 

358. CARRIER ( Jean-Baptist6). 

Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 16, 1794. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; in Sept., 1793, he was sent upon a mission to the Cotes-du 
Nord, and subsequently to the south, where he showed himself 
a monster of cruelty; on Nov. 7, 1793, he wrote his first bulletin 
to the Convention, in which he closed with the following: An 
event of another kind tends to lessen the number of priests; ninety 
of them, whom we call refractory, were fastened up in a boat 
on the Loire. I have just learned, and the news may be depended 
upon, that they all perished in the river. This was the beginning 
of the horrible drownings which made the Loire and the rivers 
of the south red with blood. He inaugurated the Republican 
marriages, where men and women were tied together and then 
thrown into the river to drown. In twenty-one days 4,000 were 
destroyed at Nantes alone. 

D. S., May 24, 1793. 

P. I. 

359. FRANCASTLE (Marie-Pierre-Adner). 

Conventionnel; he was sent on a mission to the west. On 
Dec. 26, 1793, Carrier, with whom Francastle was then asso- 
ciated, wrote to the Convention that so many rebels and Royalists 
were being brought into Nantes that the guillotine did not suf- 
fice, and that they had to be killed by the hundreds. He urged 
his colleague not to discontinue this expeditious method. During 
the Consulate Francastle managed the gardens of Madame 
Bonaparte. 

A. L. S., Versailles, June 24, 1804. 

360. BAYLE (Moyse-Antoine-Pierre-Jean) . 

Conventionnel and regicide; was accused of fomenting the 
counter-revolution (Royalist movement) in the south. 
D. S., Aug. 10, 1794. 

361. PHELIPPES DE TRON JOLLY (Anne-Louis). 

President of the Revolutionary Tribunal at Nantes. While he is 
included among the denunciators of Carrier, one of the first counts 
in the charges against the latter was the giving Phelippes-Tron- 
jolly peremptory orders to execute immediately men, women, 
children and infants. 

A. L. S., Rennes, Sept. 15, 1782. 



58 

362. LE BON ( Joseph-Ghislain-Frangois). 

Guillotined Oct. 16, 1795. Educator and legislator; professor 
in the College of Beaune in 1784, he was made Constitutional 
Cure June 8, 1791, but he renounced the priesthood; Conven- 
tionnel; he was sent on a mission to the Pas-de-Calais Oct. 29, 
1793, but was so moderate in his conduct that Guffroy accused 
him of too much moderation; on March 6, 1794, he returned 
to that region, and when he had again entered the Convention 
he had earned the title of Le Bon, the Butcher. Carrier, in the 
south, had his rival in this man in the north. He moved his 
guillotine with him from place to place, slaughtering by day 
and by night, with trial and without trial. Most of his atrocities 
were committed in and around Arras and Amiens. One of the 
charges against him was that he let his wife arrest people and con- 
demn them to death. He was the mouthpiece and the whip of 
Robespierre and St. Just. Le Bon was tried by the Tribunal of the 
Somme — it having been decided that crimes should be judged 
where committed, and condemned on Oct. 8, 1795. 

A. D. S., Paris, April 20, 1794. 

P. 

363. TURREAU-DE-LIGNIERES (Louis). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He was sent on a mission in June, 
1793, to the Vendee and Saumur. Brother to Gen. Turreau, he 
was made to share with his relative the odium of the other's 
order to Gen. Moulin, couched in these words — Gen. Moulin will 
launch himself with the left wing upon Montagne, will disarm and 
butcher, without regard to age and sex, all who may be in his way. 
When this message was read in the Convention, Sept. 29, 1794, 
the worst of the Terror at Paris having passed, the members ex- 
pressed great sorrow and ordered Gen. Turreau's arrest. This 
Turreau was afterwards, in 1809, an Ambassador from the Emperor 
to the United fetates. 

L. S. 

364. REVERCHON (Jacques). 

Born in 1746, died in 1828. Conventionnel and regicide. He 
was sent on a mission to Lyons, where he manifested firmness and 
ability, arresting many of the counter- revolutionists. Nov. 21, 
1793, he was elected Secretary, and on Jan. 18, 1794, he was made 
President of the Jacobin Club. He was elected first to the Council 
of 500 and later to the Council of the Ancients, of which latter 
body he was Secretary. 

A. L. S., Nov. 29, 1794. 

365. DUBOUCHET (Pierre). 

Conventionnel. In the trial of the King he recorded his vote 
in favor of the death of the tyrant. On Feb. 12, 1794, he made 
a speech in which he upheld the Revolutionary Tribunal of Lyons 
and seemed to excuse the atrocities committed in that city. He 
was exiled as a regicide in 1816. 

A. L. S., Meaux, Oct. 23, 1793. 

366. RIVIERE (Charles-Francois de Riffardeau) Due de. 

Soldier and a commander of a company of the French Guards in 
1789. He was devoted to the house of the Bourbons, and following 
the Comte d'Artois he is said to have secretly entered France dur- 
ing the Revolution no less than seven times. He was with the 
Comte d'Artois on his unfortunate expedition to the Vendee Sept. 
28, 1795. During this year he was in prison in the Chateau de 
Nantes, but he escaped and continued his secret missions. He 
followed his Prince to Edinburgh, where he lived many years. 
When the time came for the Royalists to make a last desperate 



59 

effort in 1804, landing on the coast of Normandy, Riviere made his 
way to Paris and fell into the hands of the police. He openly 
declared his fealty to the Bourbons, and is said to have been saved 
by Madame Bonaparte. Under Louis XVIII he was Ambassador 
to Constantinople. He was created Peer of France Aug. 17, 1815. 
It is to him that the Art World owes the possession by France of 
the Venus de Milo, which he acquired while at Constantinople. 
A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 9, 1811. 

367. PUISAYE (Joseph-Genevieve) Comte de. 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats G§neraux. July 1, 1789, 
entered National Assembly. Chief Vendeen, who organized the un- 
fortunate expedition of Quiberon. 

D. S. 

368. JAGUALT (l'Abbe Pierre). 

Celebrated chief of the Vendeens. A native of Thouars, in the 
Deux-Sevres, in an adjoining county to the Vendee,. He was 
influenced by the prevailing Royalist sentiment and, as the Church 
seemed to favor the same cause, he naturally sided with the 
anti-revolutionists. He survived the Revolution and retained at 
least his religious beliefs as the present letter shows. 

A. L. S., Thouars, Oct. 24, 1824. 

369. BACO DE LA CHAPELLE ( Rene-Gaston ) . 

Mayor of Nantes and forever famous for his valiant defense of 
that city against the Vendeens on June 29, 1793. 
A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 10, 1793. 
P. 

370. ELBEE (Maurice-Louis Gigot d'). 

Executed at Noirmoutiers, Jan. 9, 1794. Vendeen soldier. He 
took part in the uprising in the Vendee, joining the forces of the 
Royalist rebels. On March 4, 1793, he found himself at the head 
of 30,000 insurgents, and on several occasions defeated Generals 
like Santerre and Menou and beseiged the city of Nantes, but he 
was not supported and so retired to Montaigne. The Republican 
forces marched upon the Vendeens at Chollet and wounded Elb6e, 
who was taken to Noirmoutiers, tried, condemned and shot. 

D. S., Sept. 8, 1779. 

371. RUELLE (Albert). 

Elected to the Convention Sept. 6, 1792, when he voted for the 
death of the King.. On April 5, 1794, he was chosen Secretary. 
His chief service to the Republic was after Robespierre's fall. 
Having allied himself to the Thermidoreans, he received the ap- 
pointment of Commissioner to the Vendee region, making frequent 
reports to the Convention. Charette and the rebel leaders reposed 
great confidence in the word of Ruelle, and the signing of the peace 
articles was largely due to his negotiations. 

D. S., May 2, 1795. 

371*. TURREAU DE GARAMBONVILLE (Louis Marie). 

Famous General whose cruelties are charged to the orders of the 
Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. He applied the 
torch to the Vendee. In Jan., 1794, he issued his order: Put all 
Royalists to the bayonnett : deliver all villages to the flames. The 
present letter is addressed to Rossignol and announces his orders to 
join him in the Vendee. 
A. L. S., Chinon, Aug. 7, 1793. See also 363. 

372. DORNIER (Claude-Pierre). 

Iron Master and Legislator. Elected to the Convention Sept. 
5, 1792, he sat with the Mountain and voted against a reprieve for 



60 

the King after his condemnation. The Convention sent him to the 
Armies of the West and to the country of the Vendee, where he did 
much to bring peace. Elected to the Council of 500, he became its 
Secretary Nov. 21, 1798. 

D. S, May 2, 1795. See 371. 

373. CHAILLON (Etienne). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats G4neraux. In this 
body he represented Nantes, and the same constituency elected him, 
Sept. 6, 1792, to the Convention. In the trial of the King he 
voted for the imprisonment of Louis until the declaration of peace. 
He was sent with Bollet and others to the Vendee to hasten the 
peace with the chief of the rebels, Stofler. He was elected to the 
Council of the Ancients, and died suddenly while still a member. 

L. S. See 371. 

374. MARIETTE ( Jacques-Chistophe-Luc) . 

Conventionnel. He voted for the imprisonment of the King. 
On Jan. 26, 1795, he was sent on a mission to Marseilles and the 
Mediterranean ports, the former having been ordered in a state of 
siege. He must have been in the south at the time, as we find a 
letter from him dated the following day from Marseilles, in which 
he describes the reign of Terror still in that city, with the mobs 
cheering for the Jacobins and the Mountain and denouncing the 
Convention. He intimates in this letter that Salicetti is at the 
bottom of all the trouble. On the 3d Feb., 1795, he sends a 
despatch to the Convention announcing that the Terror is ended. 
June 19, 1795, he was elected Secretaiy, and on July 3 he was 
placed on the Committee of General Surety. He was elected to the 
Council of 500. 

D. S., March 27, 1795. 

375. BOLLET (Philipp-Albert) . 

Agriculturist and Mayor of Cuincy, when he was elected Sept. 
8, 1792, to the Convention. He sat with the moderates in the 
group called la Plaine. He voted for the death of the King. On 
May 30, 1793, he was sent on a mission to the North. He united 
with Barras in his attack on Robespierre, and when the former, 
on the 9th thermidor (July 27, 1794), was named Chief of the 
National Guard of Paris, Bollet was named as one of his six 
assistants. On Sept. 12, 1794, he was sent on a mission to the 
coast of Brest. Here he greatly helped Hoche in quieting the 
Vendee. Feb. 27, 1795, he thus reported to the Convention the 
closing of the conflict: The Vendee is restored to the bosom of the 
Republic. However it was not an undisturbed rest as the history 
of that region records. On the 13 floreal, Year III (May 2, 1795), 
he finally announced at Saint-FlorentJe-Viele, half a league from 
Montglone, the submission of the Vendeeen Chief. This present 
document is the original and first announcement, made the same 
day, and before that made to the Convention, to the Adjutant- 
General Savary of the signing of this peace and ordering the dis- 
tribution among the soldiers of a ration of liquor to celebrate this 
happy event. 

L. S., Montglone, May 2, 1795. 

376. JEANBON SAINT- ANDRE (Andre). 

Protestant clergyman and legislator. He had first served in the 
navy, risen to the rank of Captain when he resigned and studied 
theology. He had become so interested in Republican reforms that 
on Sept. 5, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. It is claimed 
for him that what Carnot was to the army and Cambon to the 
finances, Jeanbon Saint Andre was to the marine. Nevertheless 
his counsel on the occasion of the naval battle of June 1, 1794, was 



61 

not such as to aid in a victory. He was on board the Vice- 
Admiral's vessel during the combat. He was denounced in the 
Convention by Hardy for his connection with the insurrection of 
May 20, 1795, and the accuser referred to his incapacity in marine 
management. He was arrested May 23, but left on guard in his 
own home. He was released by the amnesty. Under the Directory 
he was Consul in Algiers, and for three years a prisoner with the 
Turks. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793. 

377. LATOUCHE-TREVILLE (Louis-Rene-Madeleine Le Vassor) Comte 

de. 

Sailor and legislator. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats 
Generaux; he early joined the Third Estate, or National Assem- 
bly. He was made Vice-Admiral in 1792, ajid on Dec. 18, 1792. he 
anchored in the Bay of Naples and demanded of the King a dis- 
avowal of the insult to the French Ambassador Semonville, and 
this action obtained the recognition of the French Republic by the 
King. He commanded the fleet at Boulogne in its pretended 
preparations for an attack on England. See Napoleon. 

D. S., on board the Foudroyant, July 13, 1801. 

378. VILLARET-JOYEUSE (Louis-Thomas) Comte. 

Soldier and sailor. Having been involved in a duel while in the 
King's Guard he enrolled himself in the navy. Lieutenant in 1774 
he received the command of the Frigate La Naiade. He became 
Vice-Admiral in 1793 and placed his flag on the ship La Montague. 
In the early summer of 1794 with a fleet of war vessels he went 
out to meet a convoy of grain ships coming from America, but they 
were intercepted by an English fleet commanded by Lord Howe. 
Then occured the battle of Brest, June 1, 1794, in which the Eng- 
lish were victorious, but in which the French showed such gallantry 
and courage that it made the day forever memorable in the annals 
of naval fights. Villaret-Joyeuse was criticised for bad judgment 
in making manoeuvres. 

A. L. S., April 21, 1797. 

379. RENAUDIN ( Jean-Francois ) . 

Celebrated sailor. He was the commander of the vessel Le 
Vengeur; when in the battle off Brest June 1, 1794, the English 
cannon placed her in a sinking condition, the French sailors, ac- 
cording to the legend, nailed the tri-color to the mast and then, as 
they sank lower, they cried Vive la Republique, and went down with 
her. It is certain her officers survived. 

A. L. S., Toulon, Sept. 7, 1795. 
3S0. CHENIER (Marie-Andre de). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794.. Poet and diplomat. Under 
M.. de la Luzerne, in 1788, he served as attache at the English 
Court and remained in London until 1790. In Aug, 1790, he pub- 
lished his Avis an peuple Frangois sur res veritables ennemis, and 
this present letter is in reference to this production. The Revo- 
lutionary party regarded him as an enemy. He hid himself long 
in Versailles. He was, finally, March 8, 1794, arrested and carried 
to Saint Lazare. Here he wrote that poem immortalizing a fellow 
prisoner, Aimee de Coigny as la Jeune Captive, borrowing poetic 
license, since the object of his devotion had been married ten years 
before to the Comte de Rossay-Fleury. He was tried and con- 
demned, going to the scaffold two days before Robespierre's fall. 
On his road to the guillotine, in a half bewildered way, he struck 
his forehead as if he had been reviewing the things accomplished, 
exclaiming: And yet there was something there! 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 18, 1790, to the King of Poland. 

P. I. 



62 

381. TRENCK (Friedrich) Baron de. 

Guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794. At 13 lie won a reputation 
at the University, and at 14 he won a fencing bout from a master. 
He entered Court life at 18 and met around Frederick the Great 
such men as Voltaire, Maupertius and Lametterie.. His evil star 
arose when the Princess Am61ie fell in love with him. The King 
imprisoned him; and it is said at times he had 68 pounds of irons 
upon his person. His life was made up of arrests and escapes. 
He went into France during the Revolution and posed as a Jacobin. 
At the scaffold he made a scene and the executioner was obliged to 
hold down his head by force. 

A. L. S.,. Paris, to the Convention, Aug. 3, 1793. 

P. I. 

382. BARERE DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand). 

Conventionnel and regicide. It was Barere who, as a member 
of the Committee of Public Safety, had general supervision over 
the F§te of the Supreme Being, celebrated on June 8, 1794; he 
was with Robespierre up to the 9th thermidor, when he suddenly 
turned, attacking him in the Convention and calling him a 
monster whom they should punish. 

D. S., May, 1793. 

383. DAVID (Jacques-Louis). 

Artist and legislator; Conventionnel and regicide; he put upon 
canvas several scenes of the Revolution, such as the Servient du 
Jeu de Paume, Demiers Moments de Michel Le Pelletier, Marat 
Expirant, &c, &c. A strong supporter of Robespierre, he turned 
upon him when he fell. Bonaparte made him first Court painter. 
He was obliged to leave France under Louis XVIII. On May 7, 
1794, Robespierre proposed his plan for disproving the charge 
of Atheism and materialism brought against France by intro- 
ducing a Fete to the Supreme Being. While the Committee of 
Public Safety had general direction, David was charged with 
devising tableaux and costumes. The fete was to be observed on 
2 prairial (May 21, 1794) but the time for preparation was too 
brief, and it was postponed to June 8. The people first gathered 
in the Jardin National — Tuileries — where Robespierre, Presi- 
dent for that day, made his speech. Inflammable statues of 
Atheism, Ambition, Egoism, Discord and False Simplicity were 
then burned. An imitation mountain was erected on the Champ- 
de-Mars to represent an altar, and from its summit arose a tree 
of liberty. The people, having proceeded thither, old men and 
their sons, women and their daughters, sang alternate strophes 
of a Hymn, the entire people joining in the final verse. Flowers 
innumerable were distributed about the altar by maidens with 
their eyes raised to heaven, and salvos of artillery — interpreting 
national vengeance on the enemies of France — were repeatedly 
fired. The entertainment ended with a warlike song, indicating 
coming victory. 

A. L. S., 

384. DAVID (Alexandre-Ednionde-Delisle, dit David de l'Aude).. 

Elected to the Convention Sept. 7, 1792, as an alternate member, 
he only obtained a seat on Dec. 12, 1793. To distinguish himself 
from his talented namesake, he habitually signed himself as from 
LAude. 
D. S., Dec. 31, 1794. See Echesseraux le jeune. 

385. SARRETTE (Bernard). 

Born at Bordeaux Nov. 27, 1765 — died at Paris April 12, 
1858. Musical composer; commander of the music of the Paris 



63 

National Guards; first director and founder of the Conservatory 
of Music. It was Sarrette to whom Robespierre confided a few 
days before the Fete of the Supreme Being (June 8, 1794) the 
music, ordering, first, that Chenier's hymn should not be sung, 
but other words written for it; and, second, that the people 
should be taught to sing whatever hymn was provided. 
A. L. S., April 15, 1802. 

386. CHENIER (Joseph-Marie-Blaise de). 

Conventionnel and regicide; he has been and always will be 
criticised for not putting forth more effort to save his brother 
Andre's life; this charge he himself tried to refute in his 
EpUre sur la Calomnie. Shortly before his brother's death he 
composed his famous Chant du Depart. He was the author of 
that still more remarkable Hymne a VEtre Supreme, composed 
for the F3te de VEtre Supreme to be held 20 prairial Year II 
(June 8, 1794). Barere had engaged Gossec to set this Hymn 
to music, that it might be performed on that occasion, but when 
Robespierre understood this part of the programme he positively 
forbade the use of the Hymn. 

A. L. S., 

P. 

387. DESORGUES (Joseph-Theodore). 

Poet and dramatist; he was deformed and not of a pleasing 
personality; his verses of the Hymne a VEtre Supreme were 
composed, hurriedly, for the f§te June 8, 1794. The Hymne was 
composed by order of Robespierre. Gossee wrote the music for 
the verses and they were sung by the people at the Jardin 
[National, or Tuileries. This Hymn begins Pere de VUniverse, 
Supreme Intelligence. It is known as the Petit Choeur. Some 
say this Hymn was sung at the Champ-de Mars. 

A. L. S., 

388. GOSSEC (Frangois- Joseph). 

Musical composer and author of the music accompanying the 
Hymn to the Supreme Being, by Desorgues The music for the 
Hymn written by M. J.. Chenier was also composed by Gossec; 
he published his Symphonies in 1754, and was the composer 
of much church music; the efforts put forth by him on June 
7, 1794, to provide music for the fete of the following day showed 
remarkable readiness of composition. 

A. D. S., Paris, Oct. 29, 1807, in which he swears loyalty to the 
Empire and the Emperor. 

P. 

389. CHERUBINI ( Luigi-Maria-Carlo-Zenoti Salvatore). 

Eminent musical composer; settled in Paris, he became an 
active Republican during the Revolution. When Robespierre 
rejected the Hymn to the Supreme Being composed by Chenier 
and Desorgues, words were hastily set to music by Gossec for the 
Fete of June 8, 1794. It was Cheburini who went about the 
streets singing to the crowd from balconies and teaching them 
the air to be sung the following day. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 26, 1831. 

P. 

390. MEHUL (Etienne-Henri). 

Musical composer and Director of the Conservatoire de Musique; 
he composed the music for M. J. Chenier's Chant du depart. 
On the day before the grand Fete to the Supreme Being, 20th 
prairial, June 8, 1794, he assisted Gossec in teaching the people 



64 

the music for the Hymn to be sung, going through certain streets 
and squares with his violin. 

A. L. S., 

P. 

391. CATEL (Charles-Simon). 

He shares with Gossec and Mehul the honours of writing the 
music for the Revolutionary fetes; one of his best known pieces 
is the Ode sur le vaisseau le Vengeur. When the Revolution be- 
gan he lived in the Hotel du Desir, Faubourg St. Denis, and he 
immediately enrolled himself in the National Guard. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1825. 

392. BERTON ( Henri-Montan ) . 

Musical composer and son of Gluck's friend and co-laborateur, 
Pierre Montan; during the Revolution he composed many hymns 
and songs for the public fetes. 

D. S., Paris, Oct. 21, 1794. 

393. GAVEAUN (Pierre). 

Comedian and musical composer; after the fall of Robespierre 
he turned violent Royalist, leading the Troupe doree, the reac- 
tionists in Paris, and whose representatives in other parts of 
France introduced that dreadful reactionary expression, the White 
Terror, where the ancient regime revenged the aristocrats on the 
Revolutionists. In 1812 his mind became affected, and, although 
making a momentary recovery, he finally died in an asylum. 
Gaveaux composed the celebrated hymn, the Reveil du Peuple, 
which excited the enthusiasm of the Royalists. 

A. L. S., (Private Asylum) Paris, Sept. 23, 1812. 

P. 

394. ROBESPIERRE (family) DE. 

Original notarial document relating to the family. The family 
is supposed to have had an Irish origin and to have settled in 
France on account of the religious persecutions under Henry 
VIII. The name may have been a union of Robert and Peter, or 
it may have been originally Robert Spierre. As this document 
shows, the family had long been living at Carvin and at Arras 
in Artois, and had long been using the aristocratic prefix de 
before their name. They had numbered advocates, notaries and 
procureurs of consequence for generations. The present document 
relates to the marriage of a Maximilien de Robespierre, Advocate 
to the Provincial Council of Artois, to a Marie-Margerite- 
Frangois Poitau, daughter of a bourgeois of Artois. 

D. S., Arras, Jan. 14, 1734, by the Royal Notary Manessier. 

395. ROBESPIERRE (Maximilien see below) DE. 

This is one of the three or four examples known of the great 
Revolutionist in which he thus employed the aristocratic prefix. 
He signed the oath in the Jeu de Paume in this way, and in the 
Musee de Carnavalet at Paris there is a card of admission to the 
National Assembly, dated June 21, 1790. The present document 
is mutilated, but the date can be fixed as between Aug. 30 and 
Sept. 11, 1790, at which time Henri-Joseph de Jesse was President, 
in which capacity he here signs himself. Thus the present is 
believed to be the latest example of this form of the signature. 

D. S., de Robespierre and many other members of the Assembly. 

396. ROBESPIERRE (Maximilien-Marie-Isidore) . 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. The most conspicuous 
figure connected with the Revolution; in his school days he 
is said to have been inconsolable over the death of a pigeon; 



65 

passing from Arras to Paris, he entered the College of Louis-le 
Grand, where he had for fellow-pupils Desmoulins and Freron; 
returning to Arras, he entered the law and gave more time to 
literature; the Academy of Arras chose him for President in 
1789; elected, April 26, 1789, to the Etats Generaux from the 
Third Estate, he soon attracted attention, Mirabeau saying of 
him: He will go far. Both Maximilien and his brother were 
members of the Jacobin Club when its list was printed Dec. 21, 
1790 ; in the Assembly he had a small party of about thirty 
sitting on the left; his first great triumph was when, May 27, 
1791, Rabaut-Saint-Etienne proposed in reorganizing the army 
to exclude citizens not active; he forced his principle that each 
citizen should have the right to serve on the National Guard, a 
vital principle to prevent military caste; after the failure of the 
flight to Varennes, he insisted that the Royal family should be 
interrogated as if they were private citizens — another long step 
toward democracy; on Aug. 17, 1792, he appeared before the 
National Assembly representing the Commune, demanding the 
creation of the Criminal (afterwards Revolutionary) Tribunal, 
the cry being vengeance for the affair of Aug. 10. The Tribunal 
was Robespierre's. This machine, the soul of the Reign of Terror, 
as the Guillotine was its right arm, while working the will of 
its creator, in time got beyond his control. As the chief of the 
Mountain party — the old Left of the early Assembly — Robe- 
spierre fought and defeated the Girondins, the Hebertistes, the 
Dantonistes. In the fall of 1793 he began to evolve his new form 
of worship, the two principal tenets of which were the recog- 
nition of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul. 
As he devoted more and more time to the Commune and the 
-Jacobin Club, his influence weakened in the Convention and in 
the two great executive committees of Public Surety and Public 
Safety. The Fete of the Supreme Being, celebrated on June 8, 
1794, marked the height of his career, from which his fall on 
9th thermidor (July 27, 1794) was swift and terrible. His 
effort to regain the sceptre knocked from his hands by Tallien 
and Billaud Varennes was dramatic but futile. Arrested and 
taken to the Luxembourg prison, he escaped at the entrance and 
fled to the Hotel de Ville. The fight between the Convention and 
the Commune ended in victory for the former. Robespierre either 
shot himself or was shot in the head by a gendarme named Meda 
(probably the latter), but the following day expiated his crimes, 
faults and misfortunes on the scaffold. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 6, 1793. This letter is also signed by the 
man who eight months later sent him to the guillotine. 
P. I. 

397. ROBESPIERRE (Auguste Bon-Joseph). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; he made several missions to the armies; at the siege of 
Toulon he met Bonaparte and favoured his promotion. The 
present letter was written at this time. On 9th thermidor he 
demanded to share his brother's fate. Maximilien tried to speak 
on this exhibition of devotion, but Tallien and his followers 
would not let him be heard; he was taken to the prison of Saint- 
Lazare, but the officers would not receive him, and thence he was 
marched to the prison of La Force; here again the authorities 
would not admit him, as he was a Deputy, and at 9:30 in the 
evening of July 27, 1794, he joined his brother at the Hotel de 
Ville; when the forces of the Convention entered, he jumped from 
a window on to the cornice, where he leaped into the court below; 



66 

he was taken to the Conciergerie, and went to the scaffold on 
July 28, 1794, with his brother. 

A. L. S., Grasse, Sept. 1, 1793. 

P. I. 

398. ROBESPIERRE (Marie-Marguerite-Charlotte). 

When Maximilien became a Deputy to the Convention, she 
joined him at the Duplay house in Rue Saint Honore — at present 
No. 398; she quarrelled with her brother, but was arrested, after 
the 9th of thermidor; she so convinced the enemies of Maxi- 
milien of her want of sympathy with him, that they not only 
released her, but gave her a pension of 6,000 francs, reduced 
gradually to 1,500, but always continued until her death; she 
died at No. 3 Rue de la Fontaine, now Rue de la Petis. 

A. L. S., Arras, 1790, to her brother, Maximilien. 

P. 

399. SAINT-JUST (Antoine-Louis-Leon de). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. He had just finished his 
studies at Soissons as the Revolution began; at first he served 
in the National Guard; he was elected member of the Convention 
in Sept., 1792, and voted for the death of the King without 
reprieve; on July 11, 1793, he entered the Committee of Public 
Safety, where he consistently represented Robespierre; he was 
particularly serviceable in military affairs and made a mission to 
the Bas-Rhin, and later" to the Army of the North; he in vain 
supported Robespierre in the Convention on 9th thermidor ; 
arrested, he asked Lebas to shoot him, but the latter turned the 
pistol on himself; arrived at the Conciergerie and seeing the great 
picture of the Droits de VHomme, he exclaimed: J am he who 
made that document. 

A. L. S., Feb. 1, 1794. 

P. I. 

400. COUTHON ( Georges-Auguste ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Advocate, and forming with 
Robespierre and St. Just the great Revolutionary Triumvirate. 
On Sept. 9, 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Even 
at this time he was affected with paralysis of the legs. The chair 
in which he was rolled is now in the Musee Camavalet. Sept. 6, 
1792, he was elected member of the Convention. He voted for the 
death of the King. He was named on the Committee of Public 
Safety in 1793 and went on the mission to the South when Lyons 
was to be destroyed. On May 7, 1794, he moved that Robespierre's 
address on the Supreme Being should be printed in every tongue 
and disseminated throughout the world. Arrested with Robe- 
spierre, he wounded himself with a poignard as the troops of the 
Convention entered the Hotel de Ville. 

A. L. S., Paris, 366 Rue St. Honore (the old number of the 
Duplay house), March 12, 1792. 

P. I. 

401. LACOSTE (Elie). 

Conventionnel and regicide. On June 14, 1794, he made his 
report attacking the surviving influence of Danton and Delacroix. 
Lacoste first gave to Couthon, St. Just and Robespierre the title 
of Triumvirate. As a member of the Committee of Public Surety 
he was most energetic. The present document, signed by Amar, 
Lavicomterie and Voulland, is the original order of arrest for 
three suspects. 

L. S., Paris, May 15, 1794. 



07 

402. PAYAN (Claude-Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Agent for the Commune 
of Paris. Devoted to Robespierre he urged his noticing the affair 
of Catherine Theot, the religious fanatic, whose claim of divinity 
for Robespierre was injuring him — see Gerle. He called together 
the Executive Committee of the Commune on the night of 9th and 
10th thermidor, but their efforts came too late. 

L. S., Paris, May 17, 1794. 

403. LE BAS ( Philippe-Frangois- Joseph ) . 

Killed himself at Paris, July 28, 1794. Conventionnel and 
regicide. The most useful of Robespierre's agents. The latter 
presented him to the Duplay family, with whom he resided, and as 
a result, Le Bas married, in Aug., 1793, Elizabeth, the youngest 
of the four daughters. On Sept. 14, 1793, he was named on the 
Committee of General Surety and then went on a mission with 
St. Just to the Army of the Rhine. The present letter was written 
while on this mission and refers to St. Just and Gen. Pichegru. 
He defended Robespierre on 9th thermidor and then demanded 
to be arrested with his leader. He had long been known as 
l'Ecouteur de Robespierre. At the Hotel de Ville he tried, with 
Henriot, to call to arms the sections but failed. He then killed 
himself with a pistol. 

A. L. S., Strasburg, Oct. 11, 1793. 

404. LEQUINIO DE KERBLAY (Joseph-Marie). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He proposed the honours of the 
Pantheon for Rousseau. After the 9th thermidor he was decreed 
in arrest on account of the complaints from the various localities 
in which he had been on missions during the Terror, but he escaped. 
He was elected, April 14, 1798, to the Council of 500. He served 
as a sort of Consul in the United States under Bonaparte. 

It was Lequinio who originated the designation la Montague in 
a speech before the Legislative Assembly, Oct. 27, 1791. He said: 
" French citizens, you have honoured us with your confidence, your 
esteem has lifted us to the height of the Mountain whence we over- 
look the rest of the realm." This term intended to describe, 
figuratively, the location on elevated benches of Lequinio and 
Robespierre's party, fastened itself permanently both in the Assem- 
bly and in the Convention. Very early in the National Assembly 
the delegates signified their political affiliations accordingly as they 
sat at the left or right of the President's platform. In this first 
legislative body the left represented the Jacobin or radical view, 
and the right the moderate party. When, however, the members 
complained of the acoustic qualities of the Manege, the President's 
chair was moved to the Tribune side, and that was transferred to 
the President's platform. The members then rearranged their 
seats, the right becoming the radicals and the left the moderates. 
On May 10, 1793, the Convention left the Manege and held its 
sessions at the Tuileries in the Salle des Machines. 

A. L. S., Paris, May 3. 

405. JULLIEN DE PARIS (Marc-Antoine) . 

Educator and publiciste. He was a son of Jullien, Deputy from 
the Drome. During the Terror, young as he was, he was a mem- 
ber of the Executive Commission of Public Instruction, and in this 
capacity was employed to visit the different Departments of France. 
He was an ardent Jacobin, and when he returned from one of his 
visits he harrangued the Club (May 15, 1794), representing its 
friends as mourning the lassitude of the Society, and urging it to 
renewed activity. This young man was doubtless the tool of the 
I; Committee of Public Safety, and was probably sent through 



68 

the different Departments to keep surveillance over the Commis- 
sioners appointed by the Convention and to report concerning them 
to the Committee composed at that moment of Jacobins. 
A. L. S., Paris, March 19, 1833. 

406. LOUCHET (Louis). 

Conventionnel and regicide; Professor and Legislator. After- 
wards he became an adversary of Robespierre, whose arrest he 
demanded on July 27, 1794, and as a matter of record it was on his 
motion that Robespierre was declared in arrest. Made member of 
the Committee of Public Surety, he became one of its most active 
members. 

The present piece is his original order of transfer from the 
prison of Plessis to that of the Luxembourg, of the two prisoners, 
Maurice Duplay, the carpenter with whom Robespierre lived at 
the present No. 398 Rue St. Honore, and Jacques-Maurice Duplay, 
his son. They had been in Plessis since July 28, 1794. 

D. S., Paris, Jan. 7, 1795. 

407. VADIER ( Marc-Guiilaume- Albert ) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. Through ridicule he greatly 
weakened Robespierre by accusations (July 26-27, 1794), of re- 
lationship with Catherine Theot and her religious cult. This aged 
woman ■ — ■ supported or employed by an unfrocked priest, Gerle — 
pretended to have reincarnated the Son of God, and the claim was 
advanced that Robespierre was this person. The enemies of the 
latter effected her arrest and trial, and Vadier read the expose to 
the Convention. 

D. S., Aug. 10, 1794. 

408. GERLE ( Christophe-Antoine, dom) Chalini. 

Deputy from the Clergy to the Etats Generaux. He became the 
High Priest and Master of Ceremonies to Catherine Theot in the 
mummeries practiced in her house, situated in the Rue Contrescarpe 
in the Section de I'Observatoire. The Committee of Public Safety, 
hostile to Robespierre, employed a spy to join the sect, and his 
revelations — connecting Robespierre with this society — were 
repeated by Vadier to the Convention. In after years, surviving 
the Terror, he was ashamed of his work and assumed, as the present 
letter shows, his mother's name. 

A. L. S., to Reubell. 

409. DURAND DE MAILLANE ( Pierre-Toussaint ) . 

Conventionnel. He voted for the imprisonment of the King until 
the Peace. He became an enemy to the Jacobins, and pronounced 
himself against Robespierre on 9th thermidor. He represented the 
party of the Moderates, or of the Marais, in distinction from the 
Mountain. 

A. L. S., Versailles, Sept. 6, 1789. 

410. BENTABOLE (Pierre-Louis). 

Advocate and legislator. Elected Sept. 4, 1792, to the Con- 
vention, he joined the Mountain party. He voted for the death of 
the King, saying: As a judge I inquire if Justice is to be weighed 
and measured by two different standards; as a legislator I open 
the book of the law and there I find written death, and so I pro- 
nounce death. He was a friend of Danton and ever after his 
execution entertained the most violent hatred against Robespierre. 
On the 8th thermidor he precipitated the conflict by his opposition 
to the distribution of Robespierre's speech. The friends of the 
latter had succeeded in decreeing that the speech should be printed. 
The Convention appeared to be yielding, when Bentabole turned 



69 

the wing of the Robespierre army and opened the way for his 
defeat. This parliamentary service has never been sufficiently 
appreciated. He served in the Council of 500. 
D. S., Paris, Nov. 29, 1794. 

411. TALLIEN (Jean-Lambert). 

Conventionnel and regicide. At the beginning of the Revolution 
he became overseer of the Moniteur; joining the Jacobins he was 
made notary to the Commune of Paris. Sent to Bordeaux, he at 
first showed great violence; then, under the influence of Mile. 
Cabarrus — see Madame Tallien — he moderated his severity, and 
this earned him the distrust of Robespierre. He was at the head 
of what concerted effort there was against Robespierre, and on the 
9th thermidor he made the accusation, and drew his dagger in the 
Tribune, asserting that if the Convention did not dare act he 
would kill him himself. 

A. L. S., Paris, June 13, 1794. 

P. I. 

412. TALLIEN ( Jeanne-Marie-Therezia de Fontenai, n6e Cabarrus) 

Madame. 

Remarkable woman, to whom France in a large measure owed 
her release from the Terror. Married to the Marquis de Fontenai 
at 16 years of age, she had, in 1791, a salon in Paris to which 
Lafayette, the Lameths and others came. She found herself at 
Bordeaux in Jan., 1794, when, as Tallien wrote home on Jan. 9 to 
the Convention, The Military Commissioners are making the heads 
to fall. She so influenced him that he became moderated in his 
course, and from that hour found himself suspected by Robespierre. 
When Tallien was recalled to Paris she followed him, and was 
imprisoned in La Force by Robespierre. On July 26, 1794, she 
wrote to Tallien that the Superintendent of Police had told her 
she was to go to the Tribunal and the scaffold on the following 
day, and urging Tallien to strike at once. This letter nerved the 
conspirator's hand and on the next day, 9th thermidor, it struck 
at the tyrant. The folloAving December she married Tallien, and 
it was in her salon that Bonaparte and Barras met, although 
already known to each other. It was also there that she presented 
Bonaparte to Madame de Beauharnais. Her daughter by Tallien 
was christened Thermidor, and she herself was called Our Lady 
of Victory and Our Lady of Mercy. 

A. L. S., as Princesse de Chimay. 

P. 

413. BILLAUD-VARENNE ( Jacques-Nicolas ) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. Musician and Professor. Wrote 
an opera, Morgan, which being rejected, led to his going to Paris. 
He fought against the Gorindins. Sept. 29, 1793, he caused the 
Criminal Court to be called the Revolutionary Tribunal. On the 
9th thermidor he played a part only second to Tallien and Barere, 
at the session of July 29, 1794, gives him the credit of " tearing 
away the patriotic mask with which Robespierre had covered him- 
self." That the credit really belonged to Tallien is plain from 
the universal acclaim then made: It toas Tallien. When the re- 
actionary movement came, Nov. 4, 1794, he denounced those who 
were trying to halt the Revolution and lose the Republic. On 
April 1, 1795, with Collot d' Herbois, Barere and others he was 
accused and condemned to deportation. He was in Guyanne for 
twenty years. 

D. S., June 24, 1794. 

P. 



70 

414. BOURDON DE L'OISE ( Frangois-Louis ) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. He was one of the most violent 
against Robespierre on July 27, 1794, and he continued to oppose 
to the last the Mountain. 

D. S., Paris, Sept. 26, 1794. 

415. BARRAS ( Paul-Frangois- Jean-Nicolas ) . 

He adopted a soldier's career, and at the seige of Pondichery he 
was Captain of a regiment. Finding himself in Paris he was 
active at the taking of the Bastille. He affiliated with the 
Jacobins — see Barnave. On Sept. 7, 1792, he was elected to the 
Convention. He voted for the death of the King and seated him- 
self on the Mountain. When Tallien and others were preparing 
their plans to defeat Robespierre on 9th thermidor, the charge of 
defending the Convention against Hanriot was given to him and he 
quickly took the offensive. He was elected Secretary of the Con- 
vention on Aug. 3, 1794, and President on Feb. 4, 1795. He was 
again a central figure on Oct. 4, 1795. 

A. L. S. 

P. I. 

416. BOURDON DE LA CRONIERE ( Louis- Jean- Joseph-Leo«anZ ) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. On the 9th thermidor it was he who 
headed the troops of the Convention first reaching the Hotel de 
Ville, marching by way of the Quais while Barras marched through 
the Rue Saint Honore. Implicated in the insurrection of March 
28, 1795, he was arrested and imprisoned at Ham. 
A. L. S., as President. 

417. MERLIN DE THIONVILLE (Antoine-Christophe) . 

He was active on Aug. 10, 1792. Conventionnel and regicide. 
He defended Danton and opposed Robespierre. On July 27, 1794, 
he was among the first to enter the Hotel de Ville with troops of 
the Convention, having already with his own hand put under 
arrest Gen. Hanriot — who was released by some drunken soldiers. 
He became a member of the Council of 500 and retired during the 
Consulate. 

See No. 199. 

A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 14, 1793. 

418. THERMIDOR 9. 

Original report made to Barras by the Commander Vincenot of 
the Second Battalion detailing, moment by moment, the events of 
July 27-28, 1794. It was he who announced to the people the 
decrees issued by the Convention against Hanriot and Robespierre. 

419. THERMIDOR 9. 

Original order of the Convention for the arrest of Hanriot, Robe- 
spierre and their friends. It was written during the night of July 
27-28, 1794, and is signed by Monnel, Bezard and A. Dumont, 
Secretaries. 

420. THERMIDOR 9. 

Original order of the Tuileries Section of the Committe of Sur- 
veillance for placing seals on the effects of Couth on, signed by the 
Committee and written during the night of July 27-28, 1794. 

421. HANRIOT (Francois). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. General of the National 
Guard. He was devoted to Robespierre, and had it in his power 
on 9th thermidor to have saved him and his cause. He completely 
lost his head, and while Barras was active, Hanriot made error 
after error, hesitating, countermanding, permitting a rain-storm 
to interfere with his work, and finally yielding, without a struggle, 
to the forces of the Convention. It was he who, on July 27, 1794. 



71 

when 45 condemned were in the Charettes on the way to the 
scaffold and the people wearied of blood desired to stop the eortage, 
drew his sabre and compelled the carts to go on their way. This 
scene is represented in a famous picture called The Last Chariot. 

D. S., Paris, Oct. 5, 1793. 

P. I. 

422. SIJAS (Prosper). 

Guillotined at Paris, July 29, 1794. Strong Jacobin and mem- 
ber of the Commune. When Le Peletier was President, Nov. 17, 
1792, he was Secretary. When early in the year 1794 the Jacobins 
were concerned with a possible English revolution, during which 
the French should cross over and help their brethren, Sijas was 
full of suggestions. He complained that his associate, Pile, Com- 
missioner to the Army, kept secrets from him, so that he could not 
carry information to the Committee of Public Safety. On the 
9th thermidor he was one of the most active in stirring the Com- 
mune to an insurrectionary attitude toward the Convention, and 
two days later he went to the guillotine. 

L. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1793. 

423. PAYAN (Joseph-Francois). 

He was named the Commissioner of Public Instruction in 1794. 
He was a friend of Robespierre, and after the latter's fall, Barere, 
at the session of July 29, attacked him for his complicity with the 
triumvirate. His particular part in the plot was to compose and 
publish tracts in the interest of Robespierre. On the night of 9th 
thermidor, at the Hotel de Ville, a proclamation was issued by the 
Revolutionary Committee, to which Payan signed his name and on 
which Robespierre had already signed the first two letters of his 
name, Ro, when the forces of the Convention entered the hall and, 
either by his own hand or that of a member of the attacking party, 
he was shot, the drops of blood spattering on the paper. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 2, 1796. 

424. BARERE DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand). 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; he repre- 
sented the liberal element both in his journal, Le Point-du-Jour, 
and in the Convention; he was elected to the Convention Sept. 
4, 1792, where he is numbered among the regicides; he was known 
to have been with Robespierre the night before 9th thermidor, 
yet on the day following that event we find him denouncing him as 
a monster. 

D. S., May, 1793. 

P. I. 

425. LEGENDRE (Louis). 

Master butcher and legislator. It was he who, on July 12, 1789, 
led a procession carrying the busts of Necker and the Due d'Or- 
leans; both at the taking of the Bastille and at Versailles on 
Oct. 5, 1789, he had an active part; he was one of the principal 
movers in the petition of the people for the dethronment of the 
King; he was a member of the Committee of General Surety; 
enemy of the Girondins, he > lent himself to their downfall on May 
31 and June 2, 1793; on the 9th thermidor, he attacked Robes- 
pierre, and some time that night he came into the Convention, 
amid the plaudits of the members, exclaiming: "I have closed 
the doors of the Jacobins, and here are the keys." He followed 
the Mountain party to the end, and it was he who pressed the 
arrest of the Last of the Mountain. At his death he left his body 
to the medical faculty. 

D. S., Paris, Aug. 7, 1794. 

P. I. 



72 

426. RUHL (Philippe- Jacques). 

Committed suicide at Paris, May 29, 1795. Son of a Lutheran 
pastor, he was educated in theology, and became rector of a church 
in Durkheim; he entered into the spirit of the Revolution, and 
was appointed administrator for the Bas-Rhin, from which district, 
he was elected in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly, denouncing 
the Cardinal Rohan Nov. 25, 1791; elected to the Convention, he 
was sent on several important missions ; he was absent during 
all the questions voted on at the King's trial save the amendment 
to submit the matter to the people, on which he voted in the 
negative; he was one of the nine to submit, in writing, his vote 
for the King's death, but it was not counted; it was he who, in 
Aug., 1792, prosecuted Dietrich, Mayor of Strasburg; he served on 
the Committee of Public Safety, March 25, 1793, and on the Com- 
mittee of General Surety Sept. 14, 1793; he was President of the 
Convention March 6, 1794. Robespierre had no warmer supporter, 
and his identification with the Mountain party was never con- 
cealed by him; arrested on the morning of May 20, 1795, he com- 
mitted suicide, while still in his house, with his dagger. 

427. ESCHASSERIAUX (Joseph). 

Conventionnel and regicide; it was as a member of the Com- 
mittee of Public Safety that he reported, Aug. 14, 1794, the proper 
method of receiving James Monroe, Minister Plenipotentiary from 
the United States to the government of what Monroe himself 
called their Bepublique Sosur. It was a question of some moment 
as to the form and ceremony to obtain on that occasion. On the 
following day Monroe appeared in the Convention, being placed 
in the centre of the Salle opposite President Merlin de Douai, who 
announced that as the Minister did not speak French, his address 
in that language would be read. His credentials were signed by 
President Washington and Edmond Randolph, Secretary of State, 
and dated at Philadelphia, May 28, 1794. President Merlin then 
gave the Minister the accolade, or fraternal kiss. It was then 
decreed, on the motion of Moi'se Bayle, that the French flag and 
the flag of the United States should be intertwined to indicate the 
friendship and eternal alliance. Eschasseriaux was elected to the 
Council of 500, becoming its secretary in May, 1796. 

D. S., Paris, Sept. 17, 1794. 

428. ARMONVILLE ( Jean-Baptiste) . 

Workman and legislator; he was one of the only two members 
of the Convention representing the labouring classes when he was 
elected, Sept. 3, 1792; he greatly admired Marat, and sat beside 
him on the Mountain; regicide; on the 28th December he appeared 
at the Tribune before the Convention with the bonnet rouge upon 
his head. Charlier called attention to the parliamentary rule 
that one should speak with uncovered head. A scene ensued. 
Duroy suggested putting the bonnet on the bust of Marat orna- 
menting the Tribune. Armonville complied, and then proceeded 
to explain his part, calling les coquins all those who had tried 
to close the Jacobin Club. At the session of March 7, 1795, the 
seance was interrupted, and a scene was caused in a caf6 near by 
when it was announced that Armonville was intoxicated and was 
insulting citizens; when his mandat expired he returned to Reims 
and resumed his trade. 

D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. 

429. HUGUET (Marc-Antoine). 

Executed in Paris, Oct. 9, 1796. Conventionnel and regicide; 
priest and legislator; the Mountain had in him a strong supporter, 
and on the 12 Germinal Year III (April 1, 1795) he encouraged 



the mob which had forced its way into the Convention crying for 
bread by shouting: "People, do not abandon your rights;" he 
was arrested, but was released in the amnesty of Nov. 24, 1795; 
he had already been compromised in the terrible powder explosion 
of 14th fructidor (Aug. 31, 1794) at Grenelle, supposed to have 
been the work of the Jacobins; he was tried by a military com- 
mission and shot. 

D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. See Armonville. 

430. FERAUD (Jean). 

Assassinated May 20, 1795. Gonventionnel and regicide; he, 
however, was inclined toward the Girondin party, and did what he 
could to save them; he boldly attacked Robespierre on 9th thermi- 
dor; on the fatal day of the 1st prairial (May 20, 1795) he endeav- 
oured to keep the crowd from entering the Convention, but in 
vain, the mob passing over his body; half fainting, he made his 
way to the President's chair, and as the mob struck at the pre- 
siding officer, Boissy d'Anglas, he interposed his own body. A 
crazy woman by the name of Aspasia Carlemigelli killed him with 
a pistol, some say mistaking him for Freron, who led the young 
monarchial party or Jeunesse doree. His head was then cut off 
and carried on a pike; on June 2, 1795, solemn funeral rites in 
his memory were observed, and Louvet pronounced an oration. 

A. D. S., March 31, 1793. The body of this letter is in the 
hand of Lebois, and relates to the first victim of the Revolutionary 
Tribunal. 

P. I. 

431. MAURE ( Nicolas- Sylvestre). 

Committed suicide at Paris, June 3, 1795. Conventionnel ; he 
seated himself with the Jacobins and upon the Mountain. At 
the trial of the King he said: Louis is guilty; had he a thousand 
lives, they would not suffice to expiate his crimes. He declared 
himself an Apostle of the new religion of Reason; he was one 
of the accusers of Carrier; he was implicated in the affair of 1 
prairial, Year III (May 20, 1795), and the principal charge 
against him was that a fellow-member, Gibergues, said he had 
heard him applaud the propositions of Romme. Fearing arrest, 
Maure, the morning of June 3, 1795, shot himself at his own 
house. 

D. S., Paris, April 25, 1795. 

432. ALBITTE (Antoine-Louis) . 

On Sept. 6, 1792, he was elected to the Convention, voting for 
the death of the King and prosecuting the Girondins; he was a 
strong Jacobin, and is numbered among the last of the Mountain ; 
he was accused by Tallien and Vernier in having taken part in the 
insurrection of 1st prairial, May 20, 1795, but he succeeded in 
escaping. 

A. L. S., Mayence, Dec. 26, 1806. 

433. PRIEUR (Pierre-Louis). 

Member of the Convention from Sept., 1792, he took a most 
active part; on Dec. 3, 1792, he, with five others, was designated 
to transport the documents found in the Armourie de Fer at the 
Tuileries to the Criminal Tribunal. These pieces were expected 
to prove the charges that day made against the King. He voted 
for the King's death; on Oct. 6, 1794, he was made a member of 
the Committee of Public Safety; he was elected President Oct. 
22, 1794. In the trial of Carrier, Prieur declared that being for 
a single day at Nantes, he had urged Carrier to permit Commis- 
sions to try prisoners and to await formal trials. Three days- 



74 

after the scenes of the 12 germinal (April 1, 1795) he was 
accused of pandering to the people, who had entered the Convention 
crying for bread. With the mob at his back, Prieur demanded 
that the Convention should grant the people bread before they 
retired from the hall; he was ordered in arrest May 20, 1795; 
he escaped and died in exile; he is to be numbered among the 
last of the Mountain, and among the last of those who still hoped 
for a Republican form of government in France. 

A. D. S., Rennes, Nov. 17, 1793. 

P. 

434. GOUJON (Jean-Marie-Claude- Alexandre). 

Killed himself at Paris, June 17, 1795; he entered the navy as a 
lad, and was only 12 when he took part in the battle of Ouessant, 
off Finistere; Conventionnel; he showed great bravery when with 
the army of the Moselle on a mission from the Convention ; he op- 
posed the return of the surviving Girondins ; after Robespierre's fall 
ne referred to him as the Tyrant, although a pronounced Mountain 
member himself; he had a premonition of his death, and inquired 
of his physician the exact road to the heart; when condemned, 
on June 17, 1795, he was the first to stab himself, passing the 
knife to Romme. Goujon lived at No. 167 Rue Dominique. 

D. S., Oct. 12, 1793. 

P. I. 

435. ROMME (Charles-Gilbert) 

Committed suicide at Paris, June 17, 1795; scientist and 
Conventionnel; student of mathematics, he made many important 
reports to that branch of knowledge; his investigations on the 
aerial telegraph were of service to the army; he voted for the 
death of the King, and asserted that only death could expiate 
his crimes; he was arrested by the partisans of the Girondins and 
confined in the prison at Caen for several months; member of 
the Committee of Public Instruction, he made an elaborate report 
on Sept. 19, 1798, on the new Republican Calendar to replace the 
Gregorian — see Calendar; on Nov. 23, 1794, he finally accused 
Carrier of his crimes at Nantes; although taking no part in the 
insurrection of 1st prairial, May 20, 1795, he urged that all those 
arrested on that occasion should be set at liberty; the following 
day he was placed in arrest and tried by the Military Commis- 
sion; he was condemned on June 17, 1795, and as he and his com- 
panions were descending the steps from the court room he repeat- 
edly stabbed himself with a knife, which, having been received 
from Goujon, was in turn passed to Duquesnoy — all three were 
killed by their own hands. The other three, Duroy, Soubrany and 
Bourbotte, wounded, were carried to the Place de la Revolution 
and executed. Romme lived in the VendSme quarter, Rue Neuve- 
du-Luxembourg No. 21. 

A. L. S., July 30, 1783. 

P. I. 

436. DUQUESNOY (Ernest-Dominique-Francois-Joseph). 

Killed himself at Paris, June 17, 1795; Conventionnel and regi- 
cide ; he sat with the Left in the Assembly and voted for the death 
of the King; he sat with the Mountain in the Convention. The 
Girondins had no more bitter enemy. The Convention sent him 
on a mission to the Army of the North, and on Nov. 20, 1793, he 
wrote : " I will set out to-morrow to give an emetique revolution- 
naire to the aristocrats of Douai!" After Robespierre's fall he 
retained his principles and was arrested with the other extreme 
Republicans, known as the Last of the Mountain; he, like Romme 



and Goujon, killed himself with a knife as judgment was pro- 
nounced against him; he lived at No. 479 Rue Nicaise. 
A. L. S., Guise, Oct. 11, 1793. 

437. DUROY (Jean-Michel). 

Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; he joined the Mountain faction, and although not active on 
the downfall of Robespierre, he was arrested and condemned; 
with some of his fellows, he tried to kill himself with the same 
knife which stabbed Romme and Goujon, but failed, and he went 
to the scaffold with Bourbotte and Soubrany; he lived at No. 22 
Rue Neuve-de-la-Convention. 

A. D. S., June 22, 1790. 

438. SOUBRANY ( Pierre-Amable ) . 

Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; allied himself to the Mountain. In the insurrection of the 
1st prairial — May 20, 1795 — one of the most terrible days in 
the history of the Revolution, Soubrany was named by the Paris 
rebels as Commander. The Mountain was made to appear respon- 
sible for the insurrection, and he and his fellow-members were 
arrested and condemned; he struck himself with the same knife 
which had killed Romme, Goujon and Duquesnoy, and so badly 
wounded himself that he had to be supported all the way to 
the scaffold, which was erected in the Place de la Revolution; 
he lived at No. 343 Rue St. Honore in Paris. 

D. S., March 26, 1794. 

439. BOURBOTTE (Pierre). 

Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- 
cide; he united with the Mountain; he was a man of great 
physical courage, and this characteristic was displayed on the 
scaffold; after witnessing the death, by self-inflicted wounds, of 
three of his companions, he placidly mounted the steps to the 
guillotine and began to address the people; he was stopped and 
made to bend his head to be strapped upon the block. It was 
then discovered that the knife had not been raised since it fell upon 
the last victim, and thus it became necessary to release Bourbotte 
until the dreadful blade could be lifted on high. This time he 
employed in resuming his talk to those about the scaffold; he was 
the last of the Mountain; he lived at No. 10 Neuve-de-Bons- 
Enfants. 

L. S., April 25, 1795. 

440. MENOU (Jean-Francois-Abdallah). 

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; he became a 
strong Revolutionist, and, having studied the methods of war, he 
advanced rapidly until he was General of Division; after the 1st 
of prairial (May 20, 1795) he had been substituted for Pichegru 
as the General-in-Chief of Paris; he failed the National Conven- 
tion, when Barras was appointed to guard the Convention, and 
begged to resign. This resignation opened the way to Bonaparte. 

A. L. S., Turin, Julv 15, 1806. 

P. 

441. BONAPARTE (Napoleon). 

Born at Corte (Corsica) Jan. 7, 1768; died at Longwood on 
Saint Helene, May 5, 1821; admitted to the military school of 
Brienne, April 23, 1779, he passed from there Oct. 17, 1784, to the 
Ecole Militaire of Paris; after graduating, he became captain in 
the 4th regiment, Feb. 6, 1792; he fought at Avignon against 
the Federalists of the South; and, on Oct. 19, 1792, he was made 
chief of the 2nd battalion of artillery; at the siege of Toulon he 



76 

attracted the attention of Auguste Robespierre, who gave the 
young officer great credit for the triumph there, and secured his 
promotion to be General of Artillery; he certainly had relations 
with both Robespierres, and, according to the sister, Charlotte, Bona- 
parte was their friend and sympathizer; accused by the members 
of the Convention, he was suspended from his functions and im- 
prisoned at Antibes — (where he afterwards made his landing from 
Elba) Aug. 9, 1794. He was released Aug. 20, on his protesting 
that he had been deceived by the younger Robespierre ; he was 
in Paris, unemployed, when Barras, on Oct. 3, 1795, made him 
Commander (under himself) of the troops selected to defend the 
Convention against the mob and old revolutionists who were 
crying for bread and the Constitution of 1793. Shortly after mid- 
night, on Oct. 4, 1795, Barras, who had learned the true situation 
from Menou, and that the Convention was unprotected by cannon, 
and further that the only available guns were at the Camp Sablons, 
ordered Bonaparte to secure them and bring them to the Tuileries. 
Bonaparte immediately ordered Murat, Major of the 21st Chas- 
seurs, to ride swiftly to the Camp Sablons, reaching there at 2 
o'clock, and fighting his way with a column of the Commune or 
Sectionists bent on the same errand; he brought the guns to 
Bonaparte at 6 o'clock in the morning. The insurrectionists had 
occupied the Church of St. Roch in the Rue St. Honore, and on 
this edifice Bonaparte fired. Bonaparte and his cannon ended the 
French Revolution. 

D. S., Oct. 2, 1793, as Buonaparte, a form which he at first 
used indifferently with that more common form, afterward used 
exclusively. 

442. MURAT (Joachim). 

Killed at Pizzo, Oct. 13, 1815; student of theology, he was 
dismissed and, on May 30, 1791, obtained a position in the guard 
of Louis XVI; he was promoted to a cavalry regiment and made 
campaigns of Champagne and the Pyrenees; when Marat was 
assassinated, he is said to have written to the Jacobins that he 
desired to change his name from Murat to Marat. Bonaparte gave 
him the important mission of bringing in the cannon from Sablons 
to the Tuileries on Oct. 4, 1795, thus preserving the Convention. 

A. L. S., Aug. 13, 1S08. 

P. 

443. BOISSY D'ANGLAS (Francois-Antoine). 

Conventionnel ; he voted for the imprisonment of the King until 
peace; he seemed by his votes to support the Girondin party; he 
was elected President of the Convention April 5, 1795. Although 
Vernier was the President of the Convention on May 20, 1795, 
when the insurrection took place, Boissy d'Anglas was tempo- 
rarily in the chair at the moment the mob entered the hall 
crying for " bread" and the " Constitution of '93." It was at this 
precise moment — three o'clock in the afternoon — when a fresh 
mob entered and killed Feraud, who was trying to protect the 
President. Boissy d'Anglas showed himself cool, brave and tact- 
ful; he was a member of the Commission des Onze, charged with 
reporting the new Constitution, and it was because of his services 
on May 20 that the Convention, with one voice, declared that he 
should be the organ of the Commission des Onze to present to 
the Convention and to France the Constitution. France was 
finding the National Convention as a deliberative body, and its 
Committees as executive expressions, inadequate. A commission of 
eleven persons was appointed, and this committee reported a new 
form of goArernment: a legislative body to consist of two cham- 



bers, the one called The Council of 500 — two-thirds of which were 
to be selected from members of the then Convention — and a 
Council of Ancients, to consist of 250 members. The executive 
power was to be exercised by a Directory of Five. France was 
not yet ready for another King, for a Dictator, or for a 
Consul, although all three were proposed in the discussions. 
The entire scheme was a backward step from a Republican form 
of government. Practically for universal suffrage, there was 
substituted the undemocratic qualification of property holding. 
The sentiment against universal suffrage was almost unanimous, 
only three supporting it — Thomas Paine, Lanthenas and Souhait. 

A. L. S., Paris, Julv 10, 1812. 

P. I. 

444. GUIOT (Florent). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He was sent on a mission to the 
North. At Lille he found great disorders and operated the guillo- 
tine with great rigour, saying, in his official report to the Con- 
vention, The guillotine loill be in repose only when the guilty heads 
are all fallen. On Oct. 22, 1795, he was named one of the inter- 
mediate governmental Council, called the Commission des Cinq. 
Its existence represents a phase of the Republic as it was passing 
from the one form of a National Convention to the new Corps 
Legislatif. Guiot himself was chosen to the Council of the Ancients. 

A. L. S., Lille, March 17, 1795. 

445. PONS (Philippe-Laurent, dit Pons de Verdun). 

Conventionnel and regicide. When the time came for the change 
of government from the National Convention to the newly created 
Corps Legislatif, composed of the two Councils and the Directory, 
an intermediate Commission of Five was created Oct. 21, 1795, and 
Pons de Verdun, with Tallien, Dubois-Crance, Florent-Guyot and 
Roux constituted the Commission. He served France under the 
Directory and Empire. 

D. S., Paris, June 30, 1794. 

446. DAUNOU (Pierre-Claude-Francois). 

Ecclesiastic, Professor, Statesman and Architect; Conventionnel. 
He voted for the King's imprisonment until peace. He opposed 
the decrees against the Girondins, and was himself arrested and 
detained until after Robespierre's fall. 

When, under the Constitution of the Year III, the two legislative 
chambers became operative, Daunou was elected first President of 
the Council of 500, on Oct. 28, 1795. The Council of 500 held its 
sessions in the old Salle de la Convention in the Tuileries. There 
had, gradually, sprung up a reactionary and Royalist sentiment 
reflected in the Convention and opposed to the communistic views 
of Paris and the larger cities. To ensure at least a conservative 
majority-element in the Council of the 500 it was determined that 
two-thirds should be selected from the then members of the Con- 
vention. 

When Bonaparte became first Consul he appointed Camus to be 
Archivist of France, and when the latter died in 1804 the Emperor 
named Daunou to succeed him. It was under him that was con- 
ceived the vast project of a central repository on the Champs 
Elysees where, by a decree dated March 21, 1812, were to be lodged 
not only captured pictures, statues and books, but also the public 
documents, deeds and records of Italy, Austria, Spain and other 
countries, to consult which the world would be put under con- 
tribution for fees (enormous in the aggregate and productive of 
great revenues). While the idea was never entirely developed, 



78 

the stones for the building were raised above the pavement, and the 
road from Italy was blocked with wagons drawing rich material 
to Paris. 

A. L. S., Paris, March 12, 1807. 

P. 

447. THIBAUDEATJ (Antoine-Claire) Comte. 

Conventionnel and regicide. He devoted himself largely to 
educational and artistic work, yet he himself was the most notable 
of all the members in affecting the appearance of the Sansculottes, 
wearing his Phrygian cap, baring his neck and conducting himself 
as the commonest of the sectionists. He was elected to the Council 
of 500 and became its first Secretary with Reubell, Chenier and 
Cambaceres. With the exception of Sergent-Marceau he lived to a 
greater age than the other active spirits of the Revolution. He 
was a friend of Thomas Paine and obtained his readmission to the 
Convention. 

D. S., Oct. 13, 1795. 

448. BODIN ( Pierre- Joseph-Francois ) . 

Surgeon and legislator. He was practicing at Limeray when, 
on Sept. 6, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. He voted for 
the imprisonment, rather than the death, of the King. He served 
on an important mission to the Army of the West. In Oct., 1795, 
he was chosen member of the Council of 500, serving afterward in 
the Gendarmerie as Captain. 

A. L. S., July 29, 1799. 

449. GOURDAN (Charles-Claude-Christophe) . 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; he sat 
with the left and was one of the founders of the Jacobin Club; 
Conventionnel and regicide. He acted with the mountain, but he 
supported Tallien and Barere in attacking Robespierre on 9th 
thermidor. He was elected to the Council of 500 in Oct., 1795. 

D. S., Paris, Oct. 13, 1795. 

450. GOSSUIN (Constant- Joseph-Eugene). 

Deputy to the Legislative Assembly and member of the Con- 
vention. In the former body he eulogized Rochambeau on May 7, 
1792, when there developed a feeling of hostility against the Mare- 
chale. At the trial of the King he was on a mission to Belgium 
and, therefore, did not vote, being one of the fifteen who were 
absent during the taking of the four votes affecting the King's 
fate. Member of the Council of 500. 

A. D. S., Paris, July 22, 1796. 

451. PRIEUR-DUVERNOIS ( Claude-Antoine, dit Prieur de la C6t6 

d' Or). 

In Aug., 1792, he was sent to the Army of the Rhine to announce 
the dethronement of Louis XVI; Conventionnel and regicide. He 
was hostile to the Girondins and was made prisoner by them and 
their partisans at Caen, whither he and Romme were sent to bring 
that region into sympathy with the radical party in the Conven- 
tion. After fifty days they were released on July 29, 1793. He 
devoted much study to a uniform system of weights and measures. 
His greatest service was in assisting Carnot in reorganizing the 
Army of the Republic. Prieur had the duty of providing the 
material and machinery of war, while Carnot attended to the per- 
sonnel and the movement of the armies. Prieur was elected to 
the Council of 500. 

D. S., Sept. 17, 1794. 

See No. 427. 



79 

452. COUPPE (Gabriel-Hyacinthe, de Kervennon). 

Advocate and legislator; Deputy from the Third Estate 
to the Etats Generaux, he was elected Secretary Aug. 13, 1791; 
Conventionnel ; at first united with the Girondins, voting for 
the imprisonment of the King, and then signing the protest with 
the seventy- three and being proscribed with them; after May 31, 
1793, he was arrested, placed at first in the Conciergerie and then 
at La Force; after 9 thermidor he was released; on Oct. 14, 1795, 
he was elected to the Council of 500; he sided with Bonaparte. 

D. S. 

See No. 231. 

453. DUBOIS-CRANCE ( Eduard-Louis-Alexis ) . 

Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; Conven- 
tionnel and regicide; on Jan. 3, 1793, he had been placed on the 
Committee of Public Safety; he allied himself with Danton; he 
was particularly useful in putting down the revolt at Lyons, being 
then on a mission to the South; he was chosen to the Council of 
500, Oct. 14, 1795; he served under the Directory, and in the year 
1799 he was Minister of War; he was not favorable to the Coup 
d'Etat, and retired; he was a writer, and the present letter 
refers to a brochure in which he attacked Robespierre. 

A. L. S., Aug, 13, 1794. 

454. GARRAU (Pierre-Anselme) . 

Advocate and legislator; he was elected Sept. 5, 1791, to the 
Legislative Assembly as an Alternate, but obtained a seat April 
7, 1792; Conventionnel and regicide; in the Department of the 
Pyrenees-Occidentales, to which he gave efficient aid, he was 
elected Secretary Sept. 2, 1795; he was elected to the Council of 
500 April 14, 1798, and when the attempt to overthrow the 
Directory took place Garrau aided the movement to the utmost, 
and then opposed with equal vigor the Coup d'Etat. 

A. L. S., Milan, Jan. 13, 1797, 

455. LNGRAND (Francois-Pierre). 

On Sept. 3, 1791, he was elected Deputy to the Legislative As- 
sembly, and directly he arrived in Paris he had himself enrolled 
at the Jacobin Club; he was particularly active in the declara- 
tions against Lafayette; Conventionnel and regicide; the same 
day the King was executed he was named on the Committee of 
General Surety; he took a leading part in the expulsion of the 
Girondins; elected Oct. 14, 1795, to the Council of 500, he soon 
after retired to accept the position of Inspector of Forests. 

D. S. 

See No. 231. 

456. LESAGE-SENAULT ( Gaspard- Jean- Joseph ) . 

Merchant and legislator; he was elected Sept. 3, 1791, to the 
Legislative Assembly; Conventionnel; he voted for the death of 
the King, adding: "I demand that he be executed within 
twenty-four hours." He was sent on a mission to the Army of 
the North in April, 1793, and sent to the Convention the proofs 
of General Dumouriez' defection; after the fall of Robespierre he 
was one of the most active members of the new Committee of 
General Surety; he was elected to the Council of 500, and on 
Dec. 8, 1796, he created a violent scene by declaring that royalism 
was everywhere and that the constituted authorities were no 
longer Republicans; he opposed the Coup d'Etat of Bonaparte, and 
went into seclusion. 

A. L. S., Jan. 17, 1797. 



80 

457. ESCHASSERIAUX (Rene, le jeune) . 

Physician and legislator; Conventionnel ; he devoted himself 
particularly to scientific and educational subjects as covered by 
the government; elected to the Council of 500, he pursued an 
enlightened and progressive course. 

L. S., Dec. 31, 1794. 

458. POMME (Andre, dit l'Americain). 

He was elected member of the Convention from the French colony 
of Guyane and hence his popular name; he was not seated in time 
to vote on the King's trial, taking his place only on April 10, 
1793; he rarely appeared at the Tribune; after the 9 thermidor 
he went upon a mission, during which the present letter was 
written; he was a member of the Council of 500. 

L. S., Dec. 4, 1794. 

459. HENRY-LARIVIERE ( Pierre-Francois- Joachim ) . 

Advocate and legislator; Conventionnel, voting for the King's 
detention until the peace ; with such sentiments, it was not long be- 
fore he was in open hostility to the Jacobins ; he was named, May 
21, 1793, on the Commission Extraordinaire des Douze to examine 
the affairs of the Municipality of Paris ; on June, 1793, he was 
decreed under arrest by the Convention, and escaped to the Calve- 
dos, where he devoted himself to the insurrectionary movement 
against the Convention; he was declared hors la loi by the Consti- 
tution, but after the 9 thermidor he obtained readmission; he was 
a violent reactionist; chosen to the Council of 500, he was elected 
Secretary May 20, 1797; on Sept. 5, 1797, he was ordered deported, 
but he long survived the Revolution. 

A. L. S., Jan. 4, 1821. 

4G0. LANTHENAS (Frangois-Xavier). 

Physician and legislator; friend of Roland, he was induced to 
enter public life, and on Sept. 9, 1792, he was elected to the Con- 
vention; he voted against the punishment of death for the King, 
but for imprisonment until peace; he was proscribed with the 
Girondins, but Marat, a fellow-physician, saved him, through, 
however, the somewhat high price of an insult, saying: "All the 
world knows Lathenas is mean spirited." Lathenas voted for uni- 
versal suffrage in the Constitution of the Year III. He was 
elected Secretary, April 5, 1795; in the same year he was chosen 
to the Council of 500. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 9, 1798, concerning a Captain Blackwell, 
introduced by Thomas Paine. 

461. CHAZAL (Jean-Pierre). 

Advocate and legislator ; Conventionnel ; he seated himself with 
the Girondins, voting for death, but also for reprieve; on Jan. 
4, 1795, he was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety; 
on March 5, 1795, he made a most energetic speech, in which he 
attributed all the evils under which France was then suffering 
to those who were overthrown on 9 thermidor; he was elected 
to the Council of 500, and on Sept. 20, 1797, he was chosen Secre- 
tary; on Sept. 26, 1799, he was elected President, being the last, 
except Lucien Bonaparte, to hold that office. 
D. S., March 29, 1795. 

462. LAREVELLIER-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie de). 

On Oct. 11, 1795, he was elected member of the Council of the 
Ancients, and on Oct. 25 he was elected first President of that 
body. This day the National Convention ceased its functions, and 
the new form of government under the Constitution of the Year 



81 

III began. The Council of the Ancients was composed of 250 
members, at least 40 years of age, married or widowers. Its 
function was to approve or reject measures which originated in 
the Council of 500, but it could suggest modifications or amend- 
ments. This body held its sessions at first in the Manage (ancient 
convent of the religious order of the Feuillants, opening on the 
Rue St. Honore and Place Vendome), and on Jan. 21, 1799, in 
the Palais Bourbon. 

4C3. LANJUINAIS (Jean-Denis) Comte. 

He was one of the founders of the Jacobin Club ; in the National 
Assembly he supported the motion for the suppression of the 
Nobility ; Conventionnel ; he voted for the imprisonment of the King 
until the peace; later he began a bitter war with the Mountain; 
in the affair of May 31, 1793, he found himself about to be 
arrested and fled, remaining hidden in a small grain-loft in 
Rennes, for 18 months; he re-entered the Convention March 8, 
1795; he was elected to the Council of the Ancients and became 
its first Secretary, with Baudin and Breard. 

A. L. S., March 20, 1813. 

P. 

464. BREARD (Jean-Jacques). 

Conventionnel and regicide; Feb. 7, 1793, he was chosen Presi- 
dent; March 26, 1793, he was named on the new Committee of 
Public Safety, serving with Robespierre, Gensonne, Danton — three 
different and irreconcilable elements; he went on a mission with 
Jeanbon Saint-Andre to Brest to reform the navy, but was not 
present at the battle of June 1, 1794; he opposed Robespierre 9 
thermidor, and after the latter's fall he demanded funeral honours 
for the twenty-one Girondins who perished Oct. 31, 1793; he was 
elected member of the Council of Ancients, made its first Secretary 
Oct. 25, 1795, and on Nov. 21, 1796, its President. 

D. S., March 29, 1795. 

465. BORDAS (Pardoux). 

Conventionnel, but voted for the imprisonment of the King; 
when the contest was waged against Robespierre, he acted with 
the thermidoreans ; he was secretary during part of the struggle; 
on Oct. 14, 1795, he was elected to the Council of 500, and on April 
12, 1797, he was elected to the Council of the Ancients. 

A. L. S., Dec. 27, 1798. 

466. FOURCROY ( Antoine-Francois ) . 

Distinguished chemist and physician. He became a member of 
the Convention on the assassination of Marat, replacing him July 
23, 1793. It is to him that we owe the Jardin des Plantes. He 
devoted himself patiently to the cause of science and education, but 
he served as Secretary to the Convention and as an active member 
of the Committee of Public Safety. Elected member of the Council 
of the Ancients he made the reports his special study. 

D. S., Sept. 17 1794. See Cloots. 

See No. 324. 

467. LOUIS DU BAS-RHIN ( Jean-Antoine) . 

Conventionnel and regicide. At the King's trial he said: / have 
seen Louis constantly in revolt against the nation; the penal code 
pronounces death. I vote for death. Sept. 19, 1793, he was 
elected Secretary, and on July 5, 1794, he was made President. 
He was also chosen to the Committee of General Surety. Elected 
to the Council of the Ancients on Oct. 4, 1795. 

A. L. S., Jan. 7, 1792. 



82 

468. PETIET (Claude-Louis). 

Soldier and legislator. Member first of the Council of the An- 
cients and subsequently of the Council of 500. While still a mem- 
ber of the former body he was called by the Directory to be Minister 
of War, and it is in this capacity that he writes the present letter 
to Gen. Bonaparte. On Feb. 19, 1797, he presented the flags cap- 
tured by the army in Italy. 

L. S., Feb. 27, 1797. 

469. MAZADE PERCIN ( Julien-Bernard-Dorothee de ) . 

Chosen to the Convention he voted for the imprisonment of the 
King rather than for death, saying, as so many others had said, 
that the Convention had no right to sit in judgment. In the 
formation of the new government he was elected to the Council 
of the Ancients. 

D. S., Paris, June 30, 1795. 

470. BARBE DE MARBOIS (Francois Marquis de). 

He was sent as Consul to the United States and afterward to 
Santo Domingo. He was elected, Oct. 16, 1795, to the Council of 
Ancients, and became Secretary of that body. Because he at- 
tempted to have changed the law excluding from public office 
nobles and relatives of nobles, he was suspected and later was 
sentenced to be deported to Guyane. 

A. L. S., April 20. The present piece acknowledges the news 
from Edward Livingston that the Academy of New York had elected 
him an honorary member. 

P. 

471. REGNIER (Claude-Ambroise) Due de Massa. 

Advocate at Nancy and Deputy from the Third Estate to the 
Etats Generaux. He interested himself in public questions during 
the life of the Constituent Assembly, and while his opinions were 
moderate, he on many occasions voted with the left or Jacobin 
party. During the Convention he retired from public view, but 
reappeared after 9th thermidor and became a member of the Coun- 
cil of the Ancients, of which body he was elected Secretary and 
then President. Regnier supported Bonaparte in his plans and 
in the establishment of the Consulate. He became the Minister 
of Justice and Director of the Police, in which capacity he moved 
against Pichegru. 

D. S.. Paris, Oct. 8, 1813. 

P. 

472. COLLOMBEL (Pierre). 

Conventionnel. He served on a mission to the North and also 
on the Committee of General Surety. Elected to the Council of 
500, he passed from that body to the Council of the Ancients, where 
he made a stout stand for the liberty of the press on July 25, 1799. 
It had been proposed to restore the privileges of the press and to 
place it under the censure of the Directory. He opposed the 
session at Saint-Cloud on the 9th November, 1799, and thus brought 
upon himself his exclusion the following day. 
D. S., Nov. 29, 1794. 

473. VARDON ( Louis-Alexandre- Jacques ) . 

Conventionnel. On Dec. 18, 1792, he made a report on the Rethel 
affair. Two Battalions of Paris were marching through this little 
village, hungry and cold, when they halted at a tavern for refresh- 
ment, and were denied this as the landlord declared four Russian 
Chasseurs had engaged all his resources. These turned out to be 
four emigres in disguise, and between the soldiers and the enraged 
townfolk the emigres were massacred. The original of this report 
is our No. 289. 



83 

Vardon was elected, Oct. 28, 1795, one of the State Messengers, 
the medium of communication between the two Councils, and be- 
tween them and the Directory. 

A. D. S., Brest, July 15. 

474. LAREVELLIERE-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie). 

Conventionnel and regicide. He defended the Girondins on May 
30, 1793. Accused himself, he fled and remained concealed in the 
forest of Montmorency an entire year, coming back to Paris after 
9th thermidor. On Oct. 11, 1795, he was elected to the Council 
of the Ancients, and the 10th of brumaire, Oct. 31, 1795, he was 
chosen first from the list of 50 to make one of the Directory of 
Five — receiving 216 out of 218 votes. On Aug. 2, 1796, he became 
the President. He supported Bonaparte and was one of the pro- 
moters of the Coup d'Etat. He served in the Directory until June 
18, 1799. He left interesting memoirs. 

Under the Constitution of the Year III the executive power was 
exercised by a body of Five, called the Directory. The Council 
of 500 selected 50 names from which the Council of Ancients elected 
five. Thus was constituted the famous Directory. 

A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 13, 1811. 

P. 

See No. 462. 

475. LETOURNEUR ( Charles-Louis-Frangois ) de la Manche. 

Conventionnel. He voted for the death of the King, after an 
explanation in which he said he had been opposed to the Con- 
vention's trying the King, but yielded his opinion to that of the 
majority. He greatly assisted Carnot in his war measures. On 
the 9th thermidor he showed himself bitter against Robespierre 
and the Jacobins. He became President of the Convention Jan. 
6, 1795. On July 23, 1795, he was one of the three Commissioners 
(with Delmas and Laporte) to direct the armed force of Paris. 
On Oct. 31, 1795, his name was returned second on the list of 50 
for membership on the Directory of Five — receiving 189 votes out 
of 218 votes. He was elected President of the Directory Jan. 30, 
1796. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

476. REUBELL ( Jean-Frangois ) . 

Conventionnel. President of the Jacobins Feb. 4, 1791; when 
Robespierre fell he became the most violent enemy of that society. 
Named member of the first Directory Oct. 31, 1795, his name being 
third on the list of 50 with a vote of 176 out of 218. 

D. S., Paris, March 29, 1795. 

P. 

See No. 127. 

477. BARRAS ( Paul-Francois- Jean-Nicolas ) . 

Besides his services of 9th thermidor, when he organized the fight 
on behalf of the Convention against Robespierre and the Com- 
mune, it was he and his chief aid Bonaparte who put down the 
insurrection of Oct. 4, 1795. When the executive power was 
lodged in the Directory of Five, Barras was named fifth member, as, 
owing to his political activity, he obtained only 129 out of 218 
votes. On Nov. 28, 1797, he was elected President of the Directory. 
With Larevelliere and Reubell he made the majority which directed 
affairs and carried on internal conflicts with the legislative councils. 
Barras was accused of trying to make terms with Pitt in England, 
and afterward with Louis XVIII. The Coup d'Etat of brumaire 
(Nov. 9, 1799), practically ended his public career. He was the 
one regicide exempted from the law of Jan. 12, 1816. 

A. L. S. 



84 

478. CARNOT ( Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite ) . 

Student of the military art, he gave his attention particularly 
to strategy and fortifications. As early as 1783, when 20 years 
of age, he had already published a treatise on mathematics. On 
Aug. 31, 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Con- 
ventionnel. In both legislative bodies he was charged with organ- 
izing armies and building defenses. Regicide. He was one of the 
five Commissioners sent, March 31, 1793, to Dumouriez, and was 
fortunate in not being arrested with his comrades, he being at 
Arras when he received notice of his appointment. On July 10, 
1793, he was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety. 
Besides his military employment he gave much time to politics, 
and it was to him that France owed the union with Belgium. He 
was opposed to Robespierre, and yet, after the latter's fall, he was 
accused of having been in alliance with him. When it was pro- 
posed to arrest him some one cried : " Camot is the organizer of 
victories," and this phrase has ever since been fastened to his 
name. When under the new Constitution of the Year III the 
Council of 500 submitted its list of 50 for the Ancients to select 
a Directory of Five, Carnot's name was not on the list. Sieyes 
name was fourth, and accordingly he was elected. But Sieyes 
immediately declined and a new list of 10 names was sent, from 
which Carnot's was selected with a vote of 181. When Barthelemy 
came into the Directory he formed a minority against Barras, 
Larevelliere and Reubell. After the 18th of fmctidor (Sept. 4, 
1797), he was proscribed and fled to Switzerland. Bonaparte 
named him Minister of War, and he did fine service in reorganizing 
the armies. 

D. S., 1st of the sansculottides (Sept. 17, 1794). 

P. I. * 

479. BARTHELEMY (Francois) Marquis de. 

Entered the diplomatic service as attache to the Embassy to 
Switzerland; in 1791 he became the Minister Plenipotentiary to 
that country, and negotiated peace with Spain and Prussia; the 
party of Clichy made him a member of the Directory in place of 
Letourneur, May 24, 1796; he joined with Carnot in a minority 
of the Directory; when Bonaparte came into power, he gaA^e him 
his support. 

A. L. S., Baden, July 20, 1792. 

P. 

480. GOHIER ( Louis- Jerome ) . 

Advocate and legislator; he was Minister of Justice from March 
20, 1793, until April 19, 1794, and almost his final official act was 
to declare, on March 29, 1793, that the Revolutionary Tribunal of 
the Municipality of Paris was duly formed and ready to operate; 
on June 17, 1799, he was elected member of the Directory to replace 
Treilhard; he remained in this body until its functions were seized 
by Bonaparte in the Coup d'Etat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) ; 
Gohier was placed under arrest at the Luxembourg and then per- 
mitted to retire to his estates at Antony, near Sceaux; his last 
days were given to literature. 

D. S., April 8, 1793. 

P. 

481. MOULIN" (Jean-Frangois-Auguste). 

Soldier and Director of the Republic ; the sanguinary order given 
by General Turreau has already been given — see Turreau de Lig- 
nieres. On June 20, 1799, he was elected one of the Directory, 
taking the place of Lareveilliere-Lepeaux. Barras says he was 
elected because of his strong Republicanism, and it was known 



85 

that he did not hesitate to call his sponsor an Aristocrat; he was 
called a scoundrel by Bonaparte, according to Barras, with whom 
and Gohier he united, leaving Bonaparte and Sieves in the minor- 
ity, but Bonaparte and his grenadiers, his brother-Generals and 
Fouche made the real majority. 
A. D. S., Rennes, Oct. 2, 1794. 

482. BARBEUF (Francois-Noel) called Graccus. 

Guillotined at Vend6me, May 27, 1797. Publicist and editor; 
he published a journal, first at Amiens and afterward started at 
Paris, the Tribune du Peuple, signing himself Cai'us Graccus; he 
was the apostle of socialism, exploiting the doctrines of Equality; 
in the year 1796 he became the head of a secret society, and he 
and his followers were tried before the high court of VendQme, 
accused of conspiracy to restore the Constitution of 1793; con- 
victed on May 26, 1797, he tried to poignard himself, failed and 
was executed the following day. 

A. L. S., to his wife from prison, Oct. 3, 1796. 

483. ROSSIGNOL ( Jean-Antoine). 

Jeweller before the Revolution; one of the heroes of the Bas- 
tille; edited, with Gaultier and others, the Journal des hommes du 
July 14, et du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, the rarest of the Revolu- 
tionary journals; one of the leaders in the attack on the Tuileries, 
Aug. 10, 1792; General in the Vendee; conscious of his military 
limitations, he wrote out his resignation; identified with the 
Hebertistes; involved in the Barbeuf conspiracy, but acquitted — 
Real, the Public Accuser, invoking the General's poverty as 
excusing him. 

A. D. S., Nantes, Oct. 10, 1793. 

483*. CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE (Francois Athanase). 

Chief of the Vendeens and one of the most brilliant of the 
counter-revolutionists. He prolonged resistance beyond the other 
leaders of his party, but was finally captured and shot at Nantes 
March 29, 1796. 

A. L. S,, Lege, May 20, 1793. 

484. BONNIER ( Ange-Elizabeth-Louis-Antoine d'Alco). 

Assassinated en route from Rastadt, April 28, 1799; Conven- 
tionnel and regicide; he was elected member of the Council of 
Ancients on April 13, 1798; he had been nominated Oct. 31, 1797, 
as Minister of the Republic to Rastadt to serve with Treilhard. 
A congress of the Powers had been called to bring about peace 
between France and Austria and to consider the affairs of the 
smaller Republics created by the triumphs of the French arms. 
In the meantime he had been joined by De Bry and Roberjot, as 
co-ministers. Finding that communication on the part of the 
Ministers with the Convention was interrupted by the Austrians, 
they decided, April, 1799, to go to Strasburg and await further 
negotiations. Accordingly, at between eight and nine o'clock 
on the night of April 28, in their coaches with their families, 
they departed from Rastadt and were scarcely beyond the gates 
when a detachment of Austrian soldiers, known as Szecklers' Hus- 
sars, fell upon them and murdered Bonnier and Roberjot, leaving 
De Bry for dead by the roadside. No other such outrage is 
recorded in the modern history of diplomacy. The Duchess 
d'Abrantes imputes the massacre to the influence of the Queen of 
Naples, the sister of Marie- Antoinette. 

D. S., Rastadt, Sept. 7, 1798, also signed by the two other 
ministers. 

P. I. 



485. DE BRY ( Jean- Antoine- Joseph). 

In the Legislative Assembly he proposed the formation of a 
corps of 1,200 volunteers dedicated to the destruction of tyrants 
and of " Generals who try to destroy liberty in France." Chabot 
and Merlin declared that they would enroll themselves in this 
corps, which they desired might be called Vengeur de I'humanitS. 
Elected to the Convention Sept. 4, 1792, he voted for the death 
of the King; the Convention selected him as President March 21, 
1793; he protested against the arrest of the Girondins, but escaped 
proscription, and prudently remained quiet until the 9th thermi- 
dor; on Oct. 14, 1795, lie was chosen to the Council of 500, and 
was twice selected to be its President; on May 22, 1798, he was 
named Minister Plenipotentiare to Rastadt, in association with 
the preceding, Bonnier. Afterward these two had joined to them 
Roberjot. De Bry was the only one of the three who survived the 
"Massacre of the Plenipotentiares," April 28, 1799; he was in the 
first carriage in going out of the gates of Rastadt with his wife 
and children at about 8 o'clock in the evening, and receiving two 
blows he was left for dead by the roadside; he feigned death, 
managed to roll into the ditch, and the following morning made 
his way back to Rastadt, where the Prussian minister, Comte de 
Goertz, and the other members of the Congress received him with 
compassion. The crime was universally condemned. 

L. S., Rastadt, Dec. 7, 1798. 

See No. 484. 

486. ROBERJOT (Claude). 

Assassinated near Rastadt, April 28, 1799. Priest of a Macon 
parish in 1799, when the Revolution began, he took the Consti- 
tutional oath and in Oct., 1793, he renounced his ecclesiastical 
functions, married, and obtained a seat in the Convention, re- 
placing Carra, guillotined with the Girondins ; on Oct. 6, 1795, 
he was made a member of the Committee of General Surety; he 
was elected Oct. 12, 1795, to the Council of 500, and on Dec. 22, 
1797, he was sent on a mission to the Hanseatic Cities. The 
Convention was informed, July 18, 1798, that Roberjot had 
reached Rastadt in his capacity of third French Minister at the 
Congress. The history of his assassination has already been 
related; his surviving confrere, De Bry, has left a record of details 
of this horrible treachery on the part of the Austrians; he 
says that Roberjot, the third to be attacked, had his throat cut 
while in the arms of his wife, the families of the ministers 
having accompanied them. That the crime was directed against 
France is evident, since the Ligurian Representatives, who sought 
to leave Rastadt at the same time, and who would not be separated 
from their French friends, were not molested. The Szecklers' 
Hussars were sixty in number. 

A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 19, 1795. 

D. S., Rastadt, Dec. 7, 1798. 

See No. 484. 

487. TALLEYRAND Le Marquis. 

The original announcement of Talleyrand, Minister of Foreign 
Relations to Abriel, Commissioner to Naples, of the assassination 
of the French Plfinipotentieres at Rastadt. 

L. S., Paris, May 15, 1799. 

488. JOUBERT (Barthglemy-Cath6rine). 

Killed at Novi, Aug. 15, 1799. Beginning life as an advocate, 
he entered, in 1789, upon a military career. One of the most 
brilliant and reliable of French Generals, of whom Bonaparte said 
to the Directory when he was setting out for Egypt : " I leave 



87 



you Joubert," He was killed while fighting against the Rus- 
sians, and his place was taken by Moreau 

A L. S July 27, 1797, to General Berthier, by whose hand we 
find two lines and his signature. 



P. I. 



489. HEDOUVILLE (Gabriel-Marie-Theodore- Joseph) Comte 

Soldier and legislator. He took part in the battle of Valmv 
when he was named Adjutant-General. Suspected, because of hta 

after the^Sh i h™ ■? "^ ^ 24 ' 1793 ' and ^P^oned LS 
after the 9th thermidor, when he was sent as Chief of Staff to 
Hoche. In al his operations in the Vendee he employed modera 
tion and justice and won the respect of his RoyXt e^emTes 
When the Coup d'Etat of 18th brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) was pre 
paring, Barras proposed to Bonaparte the appointment of Hedou- 
2 oS P , r n Slde ^ °! the ^ Public with su P re ™ I»wS. This wa S 
Snaptte^inlit $1™^™ ° f B ™' *™^ **»»* 

chPef of tte^Chouans 796 ' ^^ *» "*« ° f Cat ™' «- 
P. 

490. RABAUT-DUPUIS ( Pierre- Antoine) 

cil B nf 0t t h h e r A° ^^f Ut S , aint E ^ ne - He was elected to the Coun- 
cil of the Ancients and presided over the Corps Legislatif at the 

nSXgXTsol B ° naparte was declared elected Co » sul £r 

A. L. S. (1807), to Napoleon. 

491. MOREAU (Jean- Victor ) . 

Giro°Ss °Lf e RepUWiC t n ? ? mpire - He was atte <*ed to the 
Girondms and was somewhat disturbed by the triumph of the 
Mountain. He became General of Division on April U 1794 and 
in the winter of 1795 he undertook the campaign n wlSch 
France conquered the Low Countries. The following year he freed 
the Rhine of the enemy and opened Germany to his troops He 
discovered the treason of Pichegru, and later, in a way to throw 

ST^nS?* T n ^ ° Wn C ° ndUCt ' he revealed * to the 7 DirecW. 
His position for a time was subordinate, but alter Joubert's death 
he took his command and kept it until made Coin^ander in Chtf 

SU»t f"7 ° f n th ^} me - M ° reau aided Bonaparte in his Coup 
dEtat of Nov. 9, 1799, and at his side in the Orangerie of Saint 

of !°" d °" p that p e T tfUl / ay A alth °^ h he had met h ™ at the house 
of Directeur Gohier for the first time but a few days before 
Moreau was imprisoned in 1804 for his connection with Pichegru 
but was permitted to retire to America *-icne b ru, 

A. L. S., April 13, 1797. 

P. I. 

492. LEPEBVRE ( Frangois- Joseph ) . 

Entered the army Sept. 10, 1773, as a simple soldier It was 
not until April 9 1788, that he became Sergeant. From Jan T 
1792 when he obtained the Captaincy of a battalion, his rise was 
rapid. He supported Hoche in the German campaign Wounded 
m a battel at Stockoch in 1797, he returned to Paris wheT the 
Directory honoured him. When Bonaparte was prepS* the 
Coup d'Etat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), he found Lefebvre in 
command of the Paris troops. Winning over this officer wis the 
key to the situation, and this Bonaparte accomplished by present 
ing him the sword won by him in E<?vpt The ne^t rW T ill 
saved Bonaparte's life whL the lattefts ato^^^ 1 ™ 
A. L. S., Werden, Oct. 7, 1793. y ^ Ieud " 



P. I. 



493. BONAPARTE (Lueien). 

Born at Ajaecio March 21, 1775; died at Viterbe (Italy) June 29, 
1840. At the insurrection raised in Corsica by Paoli he fled to 
Marseilles. He called himself in the Revolutionary days Brutus 
Bonaparte. The influence of his brother Napoleon found him 
employment before the armies, and on April 14, 1798, he was 
elected to the Council of 500, in which body he became first Secre- 
tary and then President. In this latter position he greatly aided 
his brother in his Coup d'Etat of Nov. 9, 1799. It was at the meet- 
ing of the Legislative Corps, composed of the two Councils and 
meeting at the Orangerie at Saint-Cloud, that Lueien directed the 
execution of his brother's plan. At eight o'clock that night he 
announced the attempted assassination of the General by Arena, 
and a little later declared: If Liberty was born in the Jeu de 
Paume it was placed on a sure foundation in the Orangerie of 
Saint-Cloud. His later life belongs to the history of the Empire. 

A. L. S., Paris, April 29, 1802. 

P. I. 

494. FOUCHE (Joseph) Due d'Otrante. 

Priest, advocate, legislator, ambassador and minister. He was 
principal of the college at Nantes when the Revolution began, and 
it was then that he entered the law, Conventionnel and regicide. 
On Dec. 16, 1793, there was read a letter from Albitte and Fouch6 
in which occurs the phrase, remarkable at that early date: The 
Terror, the salutary Terror, is truly here in full operation. On June 
16, 1794, he was elected President of the Jacobins, and on July 14, 
1794, after a violent speech against him by Robespierre, he was 
expelled from the Club. After the latter's fall he was reinstated. 
He was installed Minister of Police July 31, 1799, in which posi- 
tion he protected and aided the Coup d'Etat of 18th brumaire in 
the interests of Bonaparte. 

A. L. S., announcing the peace of Schonbrunn, Nov. 14, 1809. 

P. 

495. MARET ( Bernard-Hugues ) Due de Basano. 

Advocate and diplomatist. Under Panckoucque he edited the 
Moniteur, the celebrated journal of the Revolution. He was one 
of the leading members of the Jacobin Club. He was under Lebrun 
when the latter was Minister, and he lodged in the same house, 
Hotel d'Union, with Bonaparte. After the affair on the Champ 
de Mars he joined the Club of the Feuillants. Made Ambassador 
to Naples in July, 1793, he was captured by the Austrians and 
only released when the exchange was effected for Madame Royal 
in 1795. When the new Consulate began it was natural that 
Bonaparte and Lebrun should select him for Secretary. Napoleon 
made him Due de Basano Aug. 15, 1809. 

A. L. S., about a passport for Aaron Burr. 

P. 

496. ARENA (Barthelemy) . 

Advocate and legislator. On April 12, 1798, he was elected to 
the Council of 500, to the closing scenes of which body he lent 
much interest. On June 13, 1799, he argued brilliantly for the 
freedom of the press, and cited the attitude of the United States 
in its treatment of the public journals. At the famous session 
of the Orangerie at Saint-Cloud, Nov. 9, 1799, he is said to have 
made an attempt on the life of his fellow countryman Bonaparte. 
Bonaparte was escorted out of the hall by a few grenadiers in the 
midst of a wild tumult, when Arena struck at him with a poignard. 
In the Melee the General was slightly wounded in the face, and the 



89 

grenadier accompanying him received the blow without injuring 
him. Arena was arrested at noon of the following day and im- 
prisoned in the Conciergerie. He was sentenced to deportation, but 
escaped. 

A. L. S., Calvi, Nov. 2, 1792. 

497. DUCOS (Pierre-Roger). 

Conventionnel and regicide; elected to the Council of 500, he 
became its Secretary and its President. During the formative 
period of the new government, a joint commission from the Coun- 
cil of 500 and the Council of Ancients was provided temporarily. 
A Consulate, clothed with the same powers as the Directory, 
calling its three members Consuls de la Republique Francaise was 
created Nov. 11, 1799. The three were Sieyes, Bonaparte and 
Ducos. It is worthy of note that not only did their titles per- 
petuate the Republic, but its principles were reannounced when 
they took the oath of fidelity to the Republic one and indivisible, 
to Liberty, Equality and to the representative system. 

A. L. S. 

P. 

498. SIEYES (Emmanuel- Joseph). 

Elected Consul with Bonaparte and Ducos, Nov. 11, 1799. 
D. S., March 29, 1795. See 127. 

499. BONAPARTE (Napoleon). 

He was elected on the 20th brumaire (Nov. 11, 1799), with 
Ducos and Sieyes, one of the provisionaiy Consulate. The three 
Consuls were to preside in rotation, and it was perhaps from the 
alphabetical position of the initial of their names that Bonaparte 
presided over their first seance, Ducos over the next, succeeded 
in turn by Sieyes. Under the new Constitution (Year VIII) 
provision was made for a permanent Consulate, consisting of three 
members, whose order of precedence was distinctly designated, 
and on the 3rd nivose, Year VIII (Dec. 24, 1799), Bonaparte was 
named First Consul. On the 16th floreal, Year X (May 6, 1802), 
this executive body was abolished and Bonaparte received the title 
of Consul with a term of ten years. On the 14th thermidor, Year 
X (Aug. 2, 1802), this limited term was changed and Bonaparte 
became Consul for life. 

D. S., April, 1803. 

P. 

500. CAMBACERES (Jean- Joseph-Regis) Due de Parme. 

Conventionnel; he voted to declare the King guilty of conspir- 
acy, but that the penalty should be imprisonment until peace, 
unless in the event of a foreign invasion, when the decree of 
guilt should be paid with execution. On May 31, 1793, he voted 
to proscribe the Girondins; elected to the Council of 500, he 
became President; on Dec. 24, 1799, he was elected to the Con- 
sulate as Second Consul, occupying as his official home the Hotel 
d'Elbeuf. 

L. S., Paris, Jan. 25, 1809. 

P. 

501. LE BRUN (Charles-Frangois). 

Advocate and legislator; he was elected to the Council of the 
Ancients, chosen Secretary Jan. 22, 1796, and President May 20, 
1796; after the Coup d'Etat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), when 
it was decided to have an intermediary commission of the two 
Legislative Councils to provide a new constitution and a new form 
of government, he was made President of the Commission repre- 



90 

senting the Council of Ancients, as Lucien Bonaparte represented 
the Council of 500; on Dec. 24, 1799, he was named Third Consul. 
A. L. S., Paris, March 3, 1803. 



502. NAPOLEON I. 

On the 28th floreal, Year XII (May 18, 1804), as Napoleon 
I, Bonaparte, was declared hereditary Emperor of the French. 

The present item is a holograph letter written to Josephine, 
his wife, from Boulogne-sur-Mer, at the Imperial Camp, where 
the Emperor was supposed to be preparing for an invasion of 
England. The letter refers to the health of Josephine — to whom 
he refers as Ma petite Josh — and to his projects. 

A. L. S., Imperial Camp, Aug. 9, (1805). 

503. REVOLUTIONARY MAP OF PARIS. 



(7 



(9 

(10 

11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
10 
17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 

25 
20 
27 
28 
2!) 



Place de la Revolution (now Place de Concorde), where the 

King and Queen were guillotined. 
Cemetery of the Madeleine (Chapelle Expiatoire), where the 

King and Queen were buried. 
The Duplay house, Rue SaintJJonore, where Robespierre 

lived. 
Le Manege, Hall of Legislative Assembly and National 

Convention. 
Place VendSme, scene of the first disturbance in the 

Revolution. 
The Jacobin Club, now the market of Saint-Honore. 
Church of Saint Roch, on which Bonaparte fired his cannon. 
The Tuileries, where the National Convention sat during the 

latter part of the Terror. 
Place de Carrousel, where the guillotine had its second home. 
Palais Royal, where was uttered the first call to arms July 

12, 1789. 
Prison of Saint J^azare. 

Place de Greve, where the guillotine was first erected. 
Hotel de Ville, home of the Paris Commune. 
The Temple. 
Prison of La Force. 
The Bastille. 
Place du TrQne Renverse, where the guillotine executed 1,307 

persons between July 15 and July 28, 1794. 
Cemetery of Picpus, where the above victims were buried. 
The Revolutionary Tribunal. 
The Conciergerie. 
Church of Notre Dame. 
Champ de Mars. 
Hotel des Invalides. 
Prison of the Abbaye. 
Prison of the Luxembourg. 
House of Camille Desmoulins. 
House of Danton. 
House of Marat. 
Pantheon. 



INDEX. 



ADELAIDE (Marie, de France) 59 

ALBA-LASOURCE (Marie-David) 302 

ALBITTE (Antoine-Louis) 432 

ALEMBERT ( Jean-Le Rond d') 15 

AMAR (Jean Baptiste- Andre) 275 

ANGOULEME (Louis-Ant.) Due d' 235 

ANGOULEME (Marie-Therese-Charlotte, Princess Royale) Duchesse d' 234 

ANTIBOUL (Charles-Louis) 306 

ANTONELLE ( Pierre- Antoine) Marquis d' 260 

ANTRAIGUES ( Emmanual-Louis-Henry-de Launay ) Comte de 102 

ARENA (Barthelemy) 496 

ARMONVILLE ( Jean-Baptiste) 428 

AROUET (Frangois) 3 

ASSIGNATS. See Frecine & Cambon 229 

AUBERT DU BAYET ( Jean-Baptiste-Annibal ) 353 

AUDOUIN (Frangois-Xavier) 350 

AUTUN, Bishop d'. See Talleyrand. 

BACO DE LA CHAPELLE (Rene-Gaston) 369 

BAILLY ( Jean-Sylvain) 124 

BARBAROUX ( Charles- Jean-Marie ) 193, 313 

BARBE DE MARBOIS (Frangois) Marquis de 470 

BARBEUF ( Frangois-Noel ) , called Graccus 482 

BARENTIN ( Charles-Louis-Frangois de Paul) de 88 

BARERE DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand) 382, 424 

BARNAVE (Antoine- Joseph-Marie-Pierre) 130, 185 

BARRAS (Paul-Frangois- Jean-Nicolas) 415, 477 

BARRY (Marie-Jeanne Becu) Countesse du 81 

BARTHELEMY ( Frangois) Marquis de 479 

BASIRE ( Claude) 332 

BASTILLE 15 ° 

BASTILLE, Lettre de Cachet 151 

BASTILLE, Lettre d'Elargissement 152 

BAUCHE (de la Neuville) Jean-Nicolas 56 

BAYLE (Moyse-Antoine-Pierre-Jean) 360 

BEAUCHAMPS (Charles Gregoire) Marquis de 109 

BEAUHARNAIS ( Alexandre-Frangois-Marie ) Viscomte de 118 

BEAUMARCHAIS ( Pierre- Augustin-Caron ) de 32 

BEFFROY DE REIGNY (Louis-Abel) 41 



92 

BENTABOLE (Pierre-Louis) 410 

BERGASSE (Nicolas) 126 

BERRUYER ( Jean-Frangois ) 218 

BERTTER DE SAUVIGNY (Louis-Benigne-Frangois) de 167 

BERTON (Henri-Montan) 392 

BESENVAL ( Pierre- Victor) Baron de 75 

BEURNONVILLE ( Pierre-de-Riel ) 267 

BILLAUD-VARENNE (Jacques-Nicolas) 413 

BIROTTEAU ( Jean-Bonaventure-Blaise-Hilarion) 309 

BODIN ( Pierre- Joseph-Frangois) 418 

BOISSY D'ANGLAS (Frangois-Antoine) 443 

BOLLET (Philippe- Albert) 375 

BONAPARTE (Lucien) 493 

BONAPARTE (Napoleon) 441, 499, 502 

BONNIER (Ange-Elizabeth-Louis-Antoine d'Alco) 484 

BOOKS USED IN TEMPLE 241 

BORDAS (Pardoux) 465 

BOSC (Louis-Augustin-Guillaume) 311 

BOSQUILLON (Charles) 205 

BOUCHOTTE ( Paul-Pierre- Alexandre ) 128 

BOUDIN ( Jacques-Antoine) 264 

BOUILLE ( Francois-Claude- Amour) Marquis de 177 

BOURBOTTE (Pierre) 439 

BOURDON DE LA CRONIERE ( Louis- Jean- Joseph-Leonard ) 416 

BOURDON DE L'OISE (Frangois-Louis) 414 

BOUTONS, LES 224 

BOYER-FONFREDE ( Jean-Baptiste ) 301 

BREARD (Jean- Jacques) 464 

BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jean-Pierre) 44, 290 

BROGLIE ( Charles-Louis-Victor) Prince de 107 

BUFFON (George Louis LeClerc) Comte de 11 

BUREAUX DE PUSY (Jean Xavier) *171 

BUTTAFOCO (Mathieu) Comte de 122 

BUZOT (Frangois-Nicolas-Leonard) 310 

CAGLIOSTRO (Giuseppi Balsamo) Alexandre Comte de 86 

CALENDAR 278 

CALONNE ( Charles-Alexandre) de 25 

CAMBACERES (Jean- Joseph Regis) Due de Parme 500 

CAMBON (Pierre- Joseph) 227 

CAMPAN ( Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genet) Madame 77, 79 

CAMUS (Armand-Gaston) 125 

CARLE (Raphael) 197 

CARNOT (Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite) 478 

CARRA (Jean-Louis) 294 

CARRIER (Jean-Baptiste) 358 

CASTRIES ( Armand-Charles-Augustin La Croix) Due de 117 

CATEL (Charles-Simon) 391 

CAVAIGNAC (Jean-Baptiste) 357 



93 

CAZALES ( Jaques-Antoine-Marie) de 123 

CHABOT (Francois) 338 

CHAILLON (Etienne) 373 

CHALIER (Marie- Joseph) 355 

OHAMBON DE MONTAUX (Nicolas) 216 

CHAMPCENETZ (Louis) Marquis de 49 

CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE ( Francois- Athanase) *483 

CHARLES (Philippe, Comte d'Artois) X of France 63 

CHATELET ( Gabriele-Emilie de Breteuil) Marquise du 6 

CHATELET-LOMONT D'HARAUCOURT ( Louis-Marie-Florent ) 108 

CHAUMETTE ( Pierre-Gaspard) 237 

OHAUVEAU-LAGARDE ( Claude-Francois ) 277 

OHAZAL (Jean-Pierre) 461 

CHENIER (Joseph-Marie-Blaise) de 386 

CHENIER (Marie-Andre de) 380 

OHERUBINI (Luigi-Maria-Carlo-Zenotti-Salvatore) 389 

CHOISEUL (Cl-Ant-G.) Due de 182 

CHOISEUL (Etienne Frangois) Due de 30 

CLAVIERE (Etienne) 315 

CLERMONT-TONNERRE ( Anne- Antoine- Jules ) de 99 

CLERY ( Jean-Baptiste-Cant Hanet) 239 

CLOOTS ( Jean-Baptiste de) Baron 324 

COCARDE NATION ALE 148 

COCHON (Charles, de Lapparent) 176 

COIGNY (Marie-Francois-Henri de Franquetot) Due de 74 

COLLOMBEL (Pierre) 472 

COLLOT d'HERBOIS (Jean-Marie) 356 

CONDORCET ( Marie- Jean- Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat) 316 

CORD AY DARMANS (Marie- Anne-Charlotte) 274 

COULMIERS (Frangois Simonet) Abbe de 93 

COUPPE ( Gabriel- Hyacinthe, de Kervennon) 452 

COURTOIS (Edmonde-Bonaventure) 285 

COUTHON ( Georges- Auguste) 400 

CUSTINE (Adam-Philippe) Comte de 343 

DABBAYE ( Louis- Jaques ) 132 

DAMPIERRE (Auguste-Marie-Henri-Picot) Comte de 341 

DANTON (Georges Jacques) 280, 327, 334 

DAUNOU ( Pierre-Claude-Francois ) 446 

DAUPHIN (Louis-Charles) LE 233 

DAVID ( Alexandre-Edmonde-Delisle, dit David de l'Aude) 384 

DAVID ( Jacques-Louis ) 383 

DE BRY (Jean- Antoine- Joseph) 485 

DELACROIX (Jean-Frangois ) 334 

DELAMOTTE VALOIS (Jenne de Saint-Remy de Val) 83 

DELAMOTTE-VALOIS (Marie- Antoine-Nicolas) Comte 82 

DELMAS ( Jean-Frangois-Bertrand) 226 

DENIS (Rosalie Louise Mignot) Madame 7 

DE PEPvRET. See Lauze de Perret 



94 

DESMOULINS (Anne-Lucile-Philippe Laridon Duplessis) 329 

DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoit) 39, 147, 328 

DESORGUES (Joseph-Theodore) 387 

DESPERRIERES ( Gabriel- Adrien-Marie Poissonier) 189 

DIDEROT (Denis) 14 

DIETRICH (Philippe-Frederic) Baron de 192 

DILLON (Dominique) 95 

DOBSENT (Claude-Emmanuel) 258 

DORNIER (Claude-Pierre) 372 

DOULCET DE PONTECOULANT (Louis-Gustave) 276 

DREUX-BREZE (Henri-Evrard) Marquis de 87 

DROUET ( Jean-Baptiste) 183 

DUBOIS-CRANCE ( Eduard-Louis-Alexis ) 453 

DUBOUCHET (Pierre) 365 

DUCOS (Jean Francois) 300 

DUCOS (Pierre-Roger) 497 

DUFRICHE-VALAZE (Charles-Eleanor) 296 

DUGOMMIER ( Jacques-Coquille, dit) 349 

DUMAS (Mathieu) Comte 187 

DUMAS (Rene-Franc,ois) 252 

DUMOURIEZ (Charles-Francois) 265 

DUPLESSIS (Anne-Francoise-Marie Boisdeveix Laridon) 330 

DUPONT DE NEMOURS (Pierre-Samuel) 142 

DUPORT-DUTERTRE (Marguerite-Louis-Francois) 288 

DUPRAT (Jean) 297 

DUQUESNOY ( Ernest-Dominique-Francois- Joseph ) 436 

DURAND DE MAILLANE (Pierre Toussaint) 409 

DUROY (Jean Michel) 437 

DUSAULX (Jean-Joseph) 165 

EDGEWORTH (Henry Allen de Firmont) Abbe 219 

ELBEE (Maurice-Louis-Gigot) d' 370 

ELIE (Jacques-Job) 162 

ELIZABETH ( Philippine-Mar ie-Helene) Madame 232 

EPINAY (Louise-Florence-Petronnelle Tardieu) 9 

EPREMESNIL ( Jean- Jacques Duval) d' 103 

ESCHASSERIAUX (Joseph) 427 

ESCHASSERIAUX (Rene le jeune) 457 

ESPAGNAC (Marc-Rene Sahuguet) Abbe d' 335 

ETUIS, LES 223 

FABRE D'EGLANTINE (Philippe-Francois-Nazaire) 331 

FAUCHET (Claude) Abbe 299 

FAURE (Balthazar) 254 

FAVRAS (Thomas Mahi) Marquis de 172 

FERAUD (Jean) 430 

FERSEN (Axel) Comte .' 181 

FLESSELLES (Jacques) de 164 

FONTANES (Louis) Comte de 34 

FOUCHE (Joseph) Due d'Otrante 494 



95 

FOULLON ( Joseph-Frangois) 166 

FOUQUIER-TINVILLE (Antoine Quentin) 255, 256 

FOURCROY ( Antoine-Frangois) 466 

FOURNIER ( Claude) dit l'Americain 210 

FRANCASTLE (Marie-Pierre-Adrien) 359 

FRECINE (Augustin-Lucie) de 225 

FRERON (Louis-Stanislas) 43 

FRETAU DE SAINT JUST (Emmanuel-Marie-Michel-Philippe) 120 

GARAT (Joseph-Dominique) 215 

GARDIEN ( Jean-Frangois-Martin) . 295 

GARRAU ( Pierre- Anselme) 454 

GAUDIN (Martin-Michel-Charles) Due de Gaete 228 

GAUTHIER DES ORCIERES (Antoine-Frangois) 242 

GAVEAUX (Pierre) 393 

GENLIS ( Stephanie-Felicite Ducrest) 78 

GENSONNE (Armand) 292 

GEORGEL (Jean-Frangois) Abbe 85 

GERLE-CHALINI ( Christophe- Antoine ) dom 408 

GOBEL ( Jean-Baptiste-Josephe) 90 

GOHIER ( Louis- JerSme) 480 

GORSAS (Antoine- Joseph) 38, 168 

GOSSEC (Frangois- Joseph) 388 

GOSSUIN (Constant- Joseph-Eugene) 450 

GOUJON (Jean-Marie-Claude- Alexandre) '. 434 

GOUPILLEAU ( Jean-Frangois-Marie) 138 

GOURD AN ( Charles-Claude-Christophe ) 449 

GOUTTES (Jean-Louis) 92 

GRAND LIVRE DE LA DETTE PUBLIQUE 230 

GRANGENEUVE ( Jean-Antoine-Laf argue de) 300, 321 

GREGOIRE (Baptiste-Henri) 100 

GRIMM ( Frederic-Melchior ) 19 

GUADET (Marguerite-Elie) 312 

GUFFROY (Armand-Benolt- Joseph) 284 

GUILLOTIN (Joseph Ignace) 135 

GUINES (Adrien-Louis de Bonnieres) Due de 73 

GUIOT (Florent) 444 

GUYTON MORVEAU (Louis-Bernard) Baron 334 

GUZMAN (Andre-Marie) Comte de 336 

HANRIOT (Frangois) 421 

HARVILLE ( Louis- Auguste Jouvenel des Ursins ) 270 

HEBERT (Jacques-Rene) 42, 323 

HEDOUVILLE (Gabriel-Marie-Theodore- Joseph) Comte de 489 

HELVETIUS (Claude- Adrian) 18 

HENRY-LARIVIERE ( Pierre-Frangois- Joachim ) 459 

HERAULT DE SECHELLES (Marie- Jean) 333 

HERMAN ( Martial- Joseph-Armand) 250 

HOCHE (Lazare) 348 

HOLBACH (Paul-Thyry) Baron d' 17 



96 

HOUCHARD (Jean-Nicolas) 346 

HOUDETOT (Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde) Comtesse d' 10 

HUE (Frangois) 238 

HUGUET (Marc-Antoine) 45, 429 

HULIN ( Pierre- Augustin) 161 

INGRAND (Francois-Pierre) 455 

JAGAULT (Pierre) l'Abbe 368 

JARY (Frangois- Joseph) 318 

JEANBON SAINT-ANDRE (Andre) 376 

JOUBERT (Barthelemy-Catherine) 488 

JOUBERT (Pierre-Mathieu) 98 

JOURNIAC SAINT MEARD (Frangois) 203, 204 

JUIGNE (Antoine-Eleanor-Leon Le Clerc) de 89 

JULIEN DE TOULOUSE (Jean) 272 

JULLIEN DE PARIS (Marc-Antoine) 405 

KELLERMANN (Frangois-Cristophe) Due de Valmy 347 

KERSAINT (Armand-Guy-Simon de Coetnempren) Comte de *213 

KERVELEGAN (Augustin-Bernard- Frangois Legoazre de) 317 

KLEBER ( Jean-Baptiste) 340 

LACOSTE (Elie) 401 

LAFAYETTE ( Marie- Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yues-Gilbert Du Motier) 

Marquis de 114, 173 

LAFFON-LADEBAT (Andrg-Daniel) 149 

LA HARPE ( Jean-Frangois) de 21 

LAIGNELOT ( Joseph-Frangois) 352 

LAJOLAIS (Frederic-Michel-Frangois- Joseph) 345 

LAKANAL (Joseph) 279 

LALLY-TOLLENDAL ( Trophime-Gerard ) Marquis de 113 

LAMARQUE (Frangois) 269 

LAMBALLE (Louis-Alexandre Joseph-Stanislas de Bourbon) Prince de 70 

LAMBALLE ( Marie-Therese-Louise de Savoie Carignan) Princess de.. 69 

LAMBESC ( Charles-Eugene-de Lorraine) Prince de 146 

LAMETH (Alexandre-Thfiodore- Victor) Baron de. . 115 

LAMETH ( Oharles-Malo-Frangois) Comte de 116, 396 

LAMOURERTTE ( Antoine-Adrien ) 190 

LANCLOS (Ninon de) , sometimes written L'Enelos 5 

LANJUINAIS (Jean-Denis) Comte 463 

LANTHENAS ( Frangois-Xavier) 460 

LAPORTE (Arnaud de) 202 

LAREVELLIERE-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie de) 462, 474 

LA ROUCHEFOUCAULD LIANCOURT ( Frangois-Alexandre-Fred- 

erick) 101 

LASNIER (Jacques) 194 

LASOURCE (Marie-David, Alba) 302 

LATOUCHE-TREVILLE (Louis-Rene-Madeleine Le Vassor) Comte de. 377 

LATOUR-MAUBOURG (Marie-Charles-Cesar de Fay) 184 

LATUDE (Henri Masers de) 154 

LAUNEY ( Bernard-Rene" Jourdan) Marquis de 159 



97 

LAUZE DE PERRET ( Claude-Romain ) 293 

LAUZUN (Armand-Louis de Gontaut de Baron) Due de 76 

LAVOISIER (Antoine-Laurent) 325 

LE BAS (Philippe-Francois- Joseph) 403 

LE BOIS (Michel- Joseph) 262 

LE BON ( Joseph-Ghislain-Frangois) 362 

LE BRUN ( Charles-Frangois) 501 

LE BRUN (Ponce-Denis-Ecouchard) 33 

LECAZE (Jacques) 304 

LE CHAPELIER ( Isaac-Rene-Guy) 129 

LECOINTRE (Laurent, de Versailles) 281 

LEFEBVRE ( Francois- Joseph ) 492 

LEFEBRE DE LA OHAUVIERE ( Julien) 351 

LEGENDRE (Louis) 425 

LEGOT (Alexandre) 283 

LE GROS (Gellain) Madame 157 

LEHARDY (Pierre) 305 

LEPELETIER DE SAINT FARGEAU (Louis-Michel) 214 

LEQUINIO DE KERBLAY (Joseph-Marie) 404 

LEROY DE MONTFLOBERT ( Antoine-Nicolas-Louis ) Marquis 261 

LESAGE-SENAULT (Gaspard- Jean- Joseph) 456 

LESCOT-FLEURIOT ( Jean-Baptiste-Edmond ) 257 

LESPINASSE ( Jule-Jeanne-Elenore de) 16 

LESTERPT-BEAUVAIS (Benoit) 303 

LETOURNEUR ( Charles-Louis-Frangois, de la Manche) 475 

LE VASSEUR (Antoine-Louis, de la Meurthe) 246 

LINDET (Robert-Thomas) 96 

LOMENIE DE BRIENNE ( Etienne-Charles ) de 26 

LOUCHET (Louis) 406 

LOUIS (Antoine) Dr 188 

LOUIS ( Louis- Auguste) King of France 53, 54, 243 

LOUIS DU BAS RHIN (Jean- Antoine) 467 

LOUIS ( Stanislas-Xavier ) Comte de Province 61 

LOUVET DE COUVRAI (Jean Baptiste) 47, 314 

MABLY (Gabriel Bonnot) 13 

MACHENA, J 320 

MAILLY D'HARCOURT (Augustin- Joseph) de 196 

MALESHERBES ( Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon) de 211 

MALLARD, Demoiselle 55 

MALLET DU PAN (Jacques ) 46 

MALOUET ( Pierre- Victor ) 134 

MANDAT (Antoine- Jean-Galliot) Marquis de 195 

MANUEL (Louis-Pierre) 286 

MARAT (Jean Paul) l'Ami du Peuple 271 

MARCEAU (Frangois-Severin) 339 

MARET (Bernard-Hugues) Due de Basano 495 

MARIBON DE MONTANT (Louis) 289 



MARIE ANTOINETTE (Joseph- Jeanne de Lorraine) Queen of 

France .58, 79, 80 

MARIE (Josephine-Louise) de Savoie 62 

MARIE-THERESE, de Savoie 64 

MARIETTE ( Jacques-Christophe-Luc) 374 

MARTIN-DAUCH (Joseph) 137 

MASCON ( Jean-Baptiste) Comte de 121 

MASSIEU (Jean-Baptiste) 282 

MATHIEU-MIRAMPAL ( Jean-Baptiste-Charles ) 251 

MAURE (Nicolas-Sylvestre) 431 

MAUREPAS (Jean-Frederic Philippeaux) 24 

MAURY ( Jean-Siffrein) 94 

MAZADE PERCIN ( Julien-Bernard-Dorothee) de. . . . 469 

MEHUL (Etienne-Henri) 390 

MENOU ( Jean-Frangois-Abdallah) 440 

MERCIER (La femme) 240 

MERC1ER (Louis-Sebastien) 40 

MERLIN DE THIONVILLE (Antoine-Christophe) 199, 417 

MESNARD (Clement) 91 

MIACZINSKI (Joseph) ■ 286 

MIRABEAU (Andre-Boniface-Louis Riquetti) Vicomte de 104 

MIRABEAU (Honore-Gabriel Riquetti) Comte de 133 

MOMORO (Antoine-Frangois) 37 

MONTANE (Jacques-Bernard-Marie) 249 

MONTANSIER (Marguerite Brunet, dite) 221 

MONTESQUEU (Charles Secondat de) Baron de La Brede 1 

MONTLOSIER (Francois-Dominique de Reynaud) Comte de 119 

MONTMORIN-SAINT-HEREM ( Armand-Marc ) Comte de 178 

MOREAU (Jean- Victor) 491 

MOULIN ( Jean-Frangois-Auguste) 481 

MOUNIER (Jean-Joseph) 136 

MOURAIN (Pierre) 354 

MULOT ( Frangois-Valentin) l'Abbe" 171 

MURAT (Joachim) 442 

MUSSET ( Joseph-Mathurin) 231 

NAPOLEON I. See Bonaparte 502 

NECKER (Jacques) 27, 145 

NECKER ( Suzanne Curhod) Madame 28 

NOAILLES (Catherine-Frangoise-Charlotte de Cosse" Brissac) 72 

NOA1LLES ( Louis-Marie) Vicomte de 106 

NOAILLES (Philippe-Louis-Marie-Antoine, Due de Mouchy, Prince 

de Poix) Comte de 71, 105 

ORLEANS (Louise-Marie-Adelaide de Bourbon Penthievre) Duch- 

esse d' 66 

ORLEANS (Louis-Philippe- Joseph) Egalite" 65 

PACHE (Jean-Nicolas) 287 

PAINE (Thomas) 213 

PALLOY ( Pierre-Frangois) 163 



PANCKOUCKE (Charles- Joseph) 35 

PARE ( Jules-Francois) 322 

PARIS (Pabricius) 263 

PAROY ( Guy Legentil) Marquis de Ill 

PASSPORT 180 

PAYAN (Claude-Franaois) 402 

PAYAN (Joseph-Francois) ■ 423 

PELTIER (Jean-Gabriel) 50 

PETIET (Claude-Louis) 468 

PETION DE VILLENEUVE ( Jer6me) 186 

PHELIPPES DE TRONJOLLY (Anne-Louis) 361 

PICHEGRU (Jean-Charles) 344 

PIQUES, LES 153 

POLIGNAC (Gabrielle-Yolande-Claude-Martine de Polastron) 

Duehesse de 67 

POLIGNAC (Jules) Due de 68 

POMME (Andre, dit l'Americain) 458 

POMPADOUR (Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson) Marquis de 155, 156 

PONS (Philippe-Laurent, dit Pons de Verdun) 445 

POPULUS (Mare-Etienne) Comte 131 

PRIEUR (Pierre-Louis) 433 

PRIEUR-DUVERNOIS ( Claude-Antoine, dit Prieur de le Cote d'Or 451 

PRUDHOMME (Louis-Marie) 36 

PUISAYE (Joseph-Genevieve) Comte de 367 

QUESNAY (Francois) 12 

QUINETTE (Nicolas-Marie) Baron de Rochemont 268 

RABOUT-DUPUIS (Pierre-Antoine) 490 

RABAUT-SAINT-ETIENNE (Jean-Paul) 139 

RAYNAL (Guillaume-Thomas-Francois) 20 

REAL (P. F.) 253 

REGNIER ( Claude-Ambroise ) Due de Massa 471 

RENAUDIN (Jean-Francois) 379 

REUBELL (Jean-Francois) 476 

REVEILLON ( Jean-Baptiste) 144 

REVERCHON (Jacques) 364 

REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL 248 

RICHEMONT (Claude Perrein) Baron de 245 

RIVIERE (Charles-Francois de Riffardeau) Due de 366 

ROBERJOT (Claude) 486 

ROBERT (Louise-Felicite-Guinement de Keralio) Madame 48 

ROBESPIERRE (Auguste Bon-Joseph) 397 

ROBESPIERRE (family) De 394 

ROBESPIERRE (Marie-Marguerite-Charlotte) 398 

ROBESPIERRE ( Maximilien-Marie-Isidore ) 395, 396 

ROEDERER (Pierre-Louis) Comte 198 

ROGET DE LISLE ( Claude- Joseph ) 191 

ROHAN, GUEMENEE (Louis Rene Edward) Prince and Cardinal de 84 

ROLAND (Jean-Marie) de La Platiere 307 



100 

ROLAND (Mannon-Jeanne-Phlipon) Madame 308 

ROMME (Charles-Gilbert) . .273, 435 

ROSSIGNOL ( Jean-Antoine) 483 

ROUSSEAU (Jean- Jacques) 8 

ROYALIST EFFIGIES 222 

ROYOU ( Jacques-Conventin) 51 

RUELLE (Albert) 371 

RUHL (Philippe- Jacques) 426 

SAINT-JUST (Antoine-Louise-Leon) de 399 

SAINT-PRIEST ( Frangois-Emmanuel Guignard ) Comte 170 

SALLE ( Adrien-Nicolas) Marquis De La 158 

SALLE (Jean Baptiste) 319 

SANSON (Charles-Henri) 220 

SANTERRE ( Antoine- Joseph) 217 

SARRETTE (Bernard) 385 

SCHNIEDER (Eulogy) 326 

SERGENT-MARCEAU ( Antoine-Francois ) 209 

SERVAN DE GERBEY (Joseph) 201 

SEZE (Raymond-Romain) Comte de 212 

S1EYES ( Emmanuel- Joseph) Abb€ 127, 498 

SIJAS (Prosper) 422 

SILLERY (Charles-Alexis Brulart de Genlis) Marquis de 298 

SOMBREUIL ( Francois-Charles- Virau) de 207 

SOMBREUIL (Marie-Mauville Virau) de Comtesse de Villelume.. 208 

SOUBERBIELLE (Jacques) 259 

SOUBRANY ( Pierre- Amabale) 438 

STAEL-HOLSTEIN (Anna Louisa Germaine) Baron de 29 

TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD (Charles-Maurice. Bishop d'Autun) 

Marquis de : 174, 487 

TALLIEN (Jean-Lambert) 411 

TALLIEN (Jean-Marie-Therezia de Fontenai, nee Cabarrus) Madame 412 

TARGET (Guy-Jean-Baptiste) 175 

TERRAY (Joseph Marie) l'Abbe 22 

THERMIDOR 9 418 

THERMIDOR 9 419 

THERMIDOR 9 420 

THEROIGNE DE MER1COURT ( Anne- Josephe Terwange) 169 

THEVENARD (Antoine- Jean-Marie) 200 

THIBAUDEAU (Antoine-Claire) Comte 447 

THIBAULT (Anne-Alexandre-Marie) 97 

THIERRY VILLE D'AVRAY ( Marc-Antoine ) 206 

THOURET (Jacques-Guillaume) 141 

THURIOT DE LA ROZIERE (Jacques-Alexis) 160 

TOURZEL ( Louise-Marie-A. J. de Croy) Madame de 179, 180, 236 

TREILHARD ( Jean-Baptiste) Comte 143 

TRENCK (Friedrich) Baron de 381 

TRONCHET ( Franeois-Denis) HO 

TURCOT (Anne-Robert- Jacques) Baron de l'Aulne 23 



101 

TURREAU DE GARAMBONVILLE (Louis-Marie) *371 

TURREAU-DE LIGNIERES (Louis) 363 

VADIER (Marc-Guillaume- Albert) 407 

VALENCE ( Jean-Baptiste-Cyrus-Marie Adelaide de Thimbrune) 

Comte de 342 

VARDON (Louis-Alexandre- Jacques) 473 

VAUDREUIL (Louis-Philippe, de Rigaud) Marquis de 112 

VERCNIAUD (Pierre-Victurnien) 291 

VERGENNES ( Charles Gravier) Comte de 31 

VICTOIRE (Louise-Marie-Therese) de France 60 

VILLARET-JOYEUSE (Louis-Thomas) Comte 378 

VILLETTE (Charles-Michel) Marquis de 4 

VOLTAIRE ( Frangois-Marie-Arouet de) 2 

VOULLAND (Jean-Henri) 247 

WESTERMANN ( Francois- Joseph ) 337 

WILLIAMS (Eleazer) 244 

WIMPFEN (Louis-Felix) Baron de 110 

YOUNG (Arthur) 52 

ZEPPE (Jean-Pierre-Marie) 57 



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